Programming Language Cheat Sheets: Objects

Strings [StrJoin/String] Mathematics Operators and Symbols General (Control Flow/Debugging) [PrintKeyValue] Dates Objects New Features Timelines Sections: Any Methods Array Methods (Array/List/Vector) Map Methods (Map/Dictionary) Object Methods (Object/Struct) Range Methods Tuple Methods (Tuple/Entry/Pair/Triple) Optional Methods (Optional/Option/Nullable) Set Methods Array.ForEach Examples Array.Map Examples Array.Reduce Examples Array.Filter Examples Import/Include Tips Language-Specific Notes Language-Specific Notes: Java Function Objects Note: UFL: Universal Function Library, a set of around 100-300 standard functions for all programming languages. Languages do not have to implement anything exactly to the UFL specification, it is a guide. See lower down for further details. Section: Any Methods UFL: Any.Type [object type: name only] AutoHotkey: Type(oObj) C++: typeid(oObj).name() [e.g. 'i' for an int] [note: return values can be cryptic] C#: oObj.GetType().Name [also (for types, not variables): typeof() e.g. typeof(int)] Crystal: ___ [can use: oObj.class.name.split("::").last] Excel: TYPE(A1) [also: ERROR.TYPE(A1)] Excel VBA: TypeName(oObj) [also: TypeOf operator (which works on objects, but not primitives)] Go: fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj) [e.g. fmt.Printf("%T\n", oObj)] Java: oObj.getClass().getSimpleName() [WARNING: doesn't work on primitives] [also (for types, not variables): .class e.g. int.class] JavaScript: typeof oObj Kotlin: oObj::class.simpleName [note: throws if var of nullable type, e.g. throws on 'Any?', works on 'Any'] [also: oObj!!::class.simpleName] PHP: gettype($oObj) Python: type(oObj).__name__ R: typeof(oObj) [also: class()/mode()/storage.mode()] [also: is.vector()/is.list()/length()] [WARNING: typeof(1) and typeof(c(1,2)) both return 'double'] [WARNING: length() returns the vector length, nchar() returns the string length] Ruby: ___ [can use: oObj.class.name.split("::").last] Rust: ___ [can use (full name): type_name_of_val(&vVar)] [requires: use std::any::type_name_of_val] Scala: oObj.getClass().getSimpleName() Swift: String(describing:type(of:oObj)) UFL: Any.TypeFull [object type: full name] AutoHotkey: Object.Prototype.ToString.Call(oObj) C++: ___ [can use: typeid(oObj).name()] C#: oObj.GetType().FullName Crystal: oObj.class.name Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj) Java: oObj.getClass().getName() [WARNING: doesn't work on primitives] [also (for types, not variables): .class e.g. int.class] [note: '[I'/'[D' for int/double arrays respectively] JavaScript: Object.prototype.toString.call(oObj) Kotlin: oObj::class.qualifiedName [note: throws if var of nullable type, e.g. throws on 'Any?', works on 'Any'] [also: oObj!!::class.qualifiedName] PHP: ___ [can use: gettype($oObj)] [also (for objects): get_class($oObj)] Python: type(oObj) R: typeof(oObj) [also: class()/is.vector()/is.list()/length()] Ruby: oObj.class.name Rust: type_name_of_val(&vVar) [requires: use std::any::type_name_of_val] Scala: oObj.getClass().getName() [note: '[I'/'[D' for int/double arrays respectively] Swift: String(reflecting:type(of:oObj)) UFL: (Any.TypeCustom) [object type: name only][custom function/macro 'mytype' to get the object type] AutoHotkey: mytype := Type [can use: Type(vVar)] C++: #define mytype(vVar) typeid(vVar).name() [note: a custom macro] C#: public static String mytype<T>(T vVar) {return vVar.GetType().Name;} Crystal: def mytype(vVar); vVar.class.name; end Excel: ___ [can use: TYPE(A1)] [also: ERROR.TYPE(A1)] Excel VBA: ___ [can use: TypeName(vVar)] Go: func mytype[T any](vVar T) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%T", vVar) } Java: public static <T> String mytype(T vVar) {return vVar.getClass().getSimpleName();} [WARNING: doesn't work on primitives] JavaScript: mytype = vVar => typeof vVar Kotlin: val mytype = {vVar: Any -> vVar::class.simpleName} PHP: ___ [can use: gettype($vVar)] Python: mytype = lambda vVar : type(vVar).__name__ R: mytype = typeof [also: mytype = class] Ruby: def mytype(vVar); vVar.class.name; end Rust: fn mytype<T>(_: T) -> &'static str {std::any::type_name::<T>()} Scala: var mytype = (vVar:Any) => vVar.getClass().getSimpleName() [WARNING: doesn't work on nulls] Swift: var mytype: (_ vVar: Any) -> String = {vVar in String(describing:type(of:vVar))} UFL: Any.IsObject [is the value an object (e.g. is object: array/map, e.g. not object: 'primitive'/'value'/int/float/string/bool/null) (definitions of a primitive/value/non-object vary)][e.g. for a custom print function, which 'to string' approach to use] AutoHotkey: vIsObj := IsObject(vVar) C++: ___ [can use: vIsObj = !std::is_fundamental<decltype(vVar)>::value && !std::is_same<decltype(vVar),std::string>::value] [requires: #include <type_traits>] C#: ___ [can use: vIsObj = !vVar.GetType().IsPrimitive && !(vVar is string)] Crystal: ___ [can use: vIsObj = !(vVar.is_a?(Nil) || vVar.is_a?(Bool) || vVar.is_a?(Int) || vVar.is_a?(Float) || vVar.is_a?(Char) || vVar.is_a?(String))] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vIsObj = IsObject(vVar) Or IsArray(vVar) Go: ___ [can use: reflect.TypeOf] Java: ___ [can use (to check for non-primitive non-string): var vIsObj = !(Integer.class.isInstance(vVar) || Byte.class.isInstance(vVar) || Short.class.isInstance(vVar) || Long.class.isInstance(vVar) || Float.class.isInstance(vVar) || Double.class.isInstance(vVar) || Boolean.class.isInstance(vVar) || Character.class.isInstance(vVar) || ((Object)vVar).getClass().equals(String.class))] JavaScript: vIsObj = (typeof vVar === "object") && (vVar !== null) Kotlin: ___ [can use (to check for non-primitive non-string): vIsObj = (vVar::class.javaPrimitiveType == null) && (vVar !is String)] PHP: $vIsObj = is_object($vVar) || is_array($vVar) Python: ___ [can use: vIsObj = not isinstance(vVar, str|int|float|None)] [note: bool is a subclass of int (i.e. int covers int and bool), e.g. 'isinstance(True, int)' returns True] R: ___ [can use: vIsObj = is.na(match(class(vVar), c("numeric", "integer", "character", "logical", "NULL")))] [note: it may be desirable to exclude vectors of size not equal to 1 by testing length()] Ruby: ___ [can use: vIsObj = !(vVar.is_a?(NilClass) || vVar.is_a?(TrueClass) || vVar.is_a?(FalseClass) || vVar.is_a?(Integer) || vVar.is_a?(Float) || vVar.is_a?(String))] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: var vIsObj = !(vVar.isInstanceOf[Int] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Byte] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Short] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Long] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Float] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Double] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Boolean] || vVar.isInstanceOf[Char] || vVar.getClass().getSimpleName().equals("String"))] [WARNING: throws on nulls] Swift: ___ [can use: vIsObj = !((vVar is String) || (vVar is Int) || (vVar is Float) || (vVar is Double) || (vVar is Bool))] UFL: Any.IsArray [e.g. for a custom print function (e.g. use string join on 1-dimensional arrays)] AutoHotkey: vVar is Array C++: std::is_array<decltype(vVar)>::value [requires: #include <type_traits>] C#: vVar is Array Crystal: vVar.is_a?(Array) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: IsArray(vVar) Go: ___ [can use: reflect.TypeOf] Java: ((Object)vVar).getClass().isArray() JavaScript: Array.isArray(vVar) Kotlin: vVar::class.java.isArray PHP: is_array($vVar) [also ('keys consist of consecutive numbers from 0 to count($array)-1'): array_is_list($vVar)] Python: isinstance(vVar, list) R: ___ [can use: vIsVec = is.vector(vVar) & !is.list(vVar)] [WARNING: in R, a 'primitive' and a one-item vector (containing a 'primitive') are identical] [note: length(vVar) to get the vector item count, nchar(vVar) to get a string's length] [WARNING: R uses the word 'primitive' regarding function types] Ruby: vVar.is_a?(Array) Rust: ___ Scala: vVar.getClass().isArray() [WARNING: throws on nulls] Swift: vVar is Array<Any> UFL: Any.CopyRef [create reference][note: object of any type][i.e. multiple variables point to the same object, so 'modifying one modifies all'][see also: Array.Clone/Map.Clone/Object.Clone/Range.Clone/Tuple.Clone] AutoHotkey: oObjNew := oObj C++: &oObjNew = oObj [e.g. MyStruct &oObjNew = oObj] [e.g. std::string (&oArrayNew)[] = oArray] [e.g. std::map<std::string,std::string> &oMapNew = oMap] [e.g. auto &oRangeNew = oRange] [e.g. auto &oVecNew = oVec] C#: oObjNew = oObj Crystal: oObjNew = oObj Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Set oObjNew = oObj [note: this fails with Array objects, there is not a standard way to create a reference to an Array object] Go: oObjNew = oObj Java: oObjNew = oObj JavaScript: oObjNew = oObj Kotlin: oObjNew = oObj PHP: $oObjNew = $oObj [WARNING: for arrays, this copies (clones) the array, instead, do: $oArrayNew = &$oArray] Python: oObjNew = oObj R: ___ [WARNING: 'oObjNew = oObj' copies (clones) an object] Ruby: oObjNew = oObj Rust: ___ Scala: oObjNew = oObj Swift: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: for value types (e.g. Array/Dictionary/Tuple/Struct/Enum), this copies (clones) the object] UFL: Any.DelRef [or Any.DeleteRef][delete object reference (and delete object if it's the last reference)][see also: VarDelete][note: object of any type] AutoHotkey: oObj := unset [note: in AHK v1: 'oObj := ""' and 'oObj := 0' were common] C++: delete oObj [also: delete[] oObj] [note: 'delete'/'delete[]' must be used for variables created with 'new'] [note: 'free' must be used for variables created with 'malloc'] C#: oObj = null Crystal: oObj = nil Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Set oObj = Nothing [note: doesn't work with all types] Go: oObj = nil Java: oObj = null JavaScript: oObj = null [also: oObj = undefined] [also: void operator] Kotlin: oObj = null PHP: unset($oObj) [also: $oObj = null] [note: unset() sets contents to null] Python: del oObj [also: oObj = None] R: oObj = NULL [also: rm(oObj1, oObj2, oObj3)] Ruby: oObj = nil Rust: ___ [can use (if appropriate): drop(oObj)] Scala: oObj = null Swift: oObj = nil Section: Array Methods UFL: Array.Print [print the values][tested on int/float/string arrays][see also: Array.Join/Array.ToString] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) std::cout << vValue << "," [also (for array on the heap): for (const auto& vValue : std::views::counted(oArray, vSize)) std::cout << vValue << ","] [requires (std::views::counted): #include <ranges>] [also (for array on the heap): for (const auto& vValue : *(int(*)[vSize])oArray)] [also (for array on the heap): for (const auto& vValue : *(int(*)[vSize])&oArray[0])] C#: Console.WriteLine("[" + String.Join(",", oArray) + "]") Crystal: p oArray [note: prints on 1 line, and appends a linefeed] [also: puts oArray.inspect] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Debug.Print "[" & Join(oArray, ",") & "]" Go: fmt.Println(oArray) [requires: import "fmt"] Java: System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(oArray)) [also: System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.deepToString(oArray))] [note: deepToString() worked on: String[]/int[][]/double[][]/String[][], failed on: int[]/double[]] JavaScript: console.log(oArray) Kotlin: println(oArray.toList()) PHP: var_export($oArray) [also: var_dump($oArray)] [also: print_r($oArray)] [note: var_export/var_dump/print_r all print keys and values] Python: print(oList) R: print(oVec) Ruby: p oArray [note: prints on 1 line, and appends a linefeed] [also: puts oArray.inspect] Rust: println!("{:?}", oArray) Scala: println(oArray.mkString(", ")) [ALSO: println(oArray.toList)] Swift: print(oArray) UFL: Array.PrintWithIndex [print the key-value pairs][tested on int/float/string arrays][see also: Array.LoopWithIndex/Array.Entries/Array.ToMap/Map.Print/PrintKeyValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) std::cout << i << ":" << oArray[i] << "\n" [also: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) std::cout << i << ":" << oVec[i] << "\n"] C#: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oArray.Select((v,k)=>$"{k}:{v}"))) [also: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oArray.Select((v,k)=>String.Join(":",k,v))))] [also: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v})))] [also: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{MyKey=k,MyValue=v})))] [requires (Select): using System.Linq] Crystal: p Hash.zip((0...oArray.size).to_a, oArray) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: For i = LBound(oArray) To UBound(oArray): Debug.Print i & ":" & oArray(i): Next [note: using ':' to write multiple code lines on one line] Go: for vKey, vValue := range oArray { fmt.Printf("%v: %v\n", vKey, vValue) } [note: the Go Playground will auto-format this] Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) System.out.println(i + ":" + oArray[i]) JavaScript: console.log([...oArray.entries()].join("\n")) Kotlin: println(oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!}.toMap()) [also: println(oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!})] [also: println(oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!}.joinToString("\n"))] [also: println(oArray.withIndex().toList())] PHP: var_export($oArray) [also: var_dump($oArray)] [also: print_r($oArray)] Python: print({k:v for k,v in enumerate(oList)}) [also: print(list(enumerate(oList)))] [also: print("\n".join(map(str, enumerate(oList))))] [also: print("\n".join(map(lambda v : str(v[0])+":"+str(v[1]), enumerate(oList))))] [also: print("\n".join([str(k)+":"+str(v) for k,v in enumerate(oList)]))] R: for(i in 1:length(oVec)) {print(paste(i, oVec[i], sep=": "))} Ruby: p oArray.map.with_index{|v,k| [k,v]}.to_h [also: p ((0...oArray.length).zip oArray).to_h] [also: p Hash[(0...oArray.length).zip oArray]] Rust: println!("{:?}", oArray.iter().enumerate().collect::<Vec<_>>()) [also: println!("{}", oArray.iter().enumerate().map(|(k,v)| format!("{}:{}", k, v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n"))] Scala: println(oArray.zipWithIndex.mkString(", ")) [also: println(oArray.zipWithIndex.toList)] [also: for((vValue,vKey) <- oArray.view.zipWithIndex) println((vKey,vValue))] Swift: print(oArray.enumerated().map{($0,$1)}) [also: print(oArray.enumerated().map{String($0)+":"+String($1)}.joined(separator:"\n"))] UFL: Array.LoopValue [loop through the items of an array, get values one-by-one] AutoHotkey: for _, vValue in oArray [also (AHK v2 onwards): for vValue in oArray] C++: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) [also: for (const auto& vValue : oVec)] C#: foreach (var vValue in oArray) Crystal: oArray.each do |vValue| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [can use: For i = LBound(oArray) To UBound(oArray)] [note: vValue = oArray(i)] [also (for collections): For Each vValue In oColl] [afterwards (for both): Next] Go: for _, vValue := range oArray Java: for (var vValue : oArray) JavaScript: for (const vValue of oArray) [also (ES6): oArray.forEach(function(vValue)] [also: for (var i=0; i<oArray.length; i++)] Kotlin: for (vValue in oArray) PHP: foreach ($oArray as $vValue) Python: for vValue in oList: R: for(vValue in oVec) [also: for(vValue in oList)] Ruby: for vValue in oArray Rust: for vValue in oArray Scala: for(vValue <- oArray) Swift: for vValue in oArray UFL: Array.LoopWithIndex [loop through the items of an array, get key-value pairs one-by-one] AutoHotkey: for vKey, vValue in oArray C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& vValue : oArray)] [note (won't work on all object types): vKey = &vValue-&oArray[0]] [also: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++)] [also: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++)] C#: foreach (var e in oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v})) [also: foreach (var oEntry in oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{MyKey=k,MyValue=v}))] [e.g. e.k, e.v] [e.g. oEntry.MyKey, oEntry.MyValue] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.each_with_index do |vValue,vKey| [WARNING: order is value then key] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [can use: For i = LBound(oArray) To UBound(oArray)] [note: vValue = oArray(i)] [afterwards: Next] Go: for vKey, vValue := range oArray Java: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++)] [note: vValue = oArray[i]] JavaScript: for (const [vKey, vValue] of oArray.entries()) [also (ES6): oArray.forEach(function(vValue, vKey)] [also (unspecified order): for (var vKey in oArray)] Kotlin: for ((vKey, vValue) in oArray.withIndex()) PHP: foreach ($oArray as $vKey=>$vValue) Python: for vKey, vValue in enumerate(oList): R: for(i in 1:length(oVec)) [note: vValue = oVec[i]] [also: for(i in seq_along(oVec))] Ruby: for vValue, vKey in oArray.each_with_index [WARNING: order is value then key] Rust: for (vKey, vValue) in oArray.iter().enumerate() Scala: for((vValue,vKey) <- oArray.view.zipWithIndex) Swift: for (vKey, vValue) in oArray.enumerated() UFL: Array.ForEach [or Array.LoopForEach][call a function once for each item of an array][see also: Array.Map/Array.LoopValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::for_each(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oFunc) [note: Func receives value] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var v in oArray) oFunc(v)] Crystal: oArray.each{|v| oFunc.call(v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.stream(oArray).forEach(oFunc) [note: Func receives value] [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArray.forEach(oFunc) [also: oArray.forEach(v=>oFunc(v))] [note: Func receives value/key/object] Kotlin: oArray.forEach(oFunc) [also: oArray.forEach{oFunc(it)}] [note: Func receives value] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $v) $oFunc($v)] Python: ___ [can use: for v in oList: oFunc(v)] R: ___ [can use: for(v in oVec) oFunc(v)] Ruby: oArray.each{|v| oFunc.call(v)} Rust: oArray.iter().for_each(|v| oFunc(v)) Scala: oArray.foreach(oFunc) [note: Func receives value] Swift: oArray.forEach(oFunc) [also: oArray.forEach{oFunc($0)}] [note: Func receives value] UFL: Array.ForEachWithIndex [or Array.LoopForEachWithIndex][call a function once for each item of an array][see also: Array.Map/Array.Entries/Array.LoopWithIndex] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oFunc(i, oArray[i])] [also: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) oFunc(i, oVec[i])] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v})) oFunc(e.k,e.v)] [requires (Select): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.each_with_index{|v,k| oFunc.call(k,v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).forEach(i->oFunc.accept(i,oArray[i]))] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: oArray.forEach(oFunc) [also: oArray.forEach((v,k)=>oFunc(k,v))] [note: Func receives value/key/object] Kotlin: oArray.forEachIndexed(oFunc) [also: oArray.forEachIndexed{k,v->oFunc(k,v)}] [note: Func receives key/value] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $k=>$v) $oFunc($k,$v)] Python: ___ [can use: for k,v in enumerate(oList): oFunc(k,v)] R: ___ [can use: for(k in 1:length(oVec)) oFunc(k,oVec[k])] Ruby: oArray.each_with_index{|v,k| oFunc.call(k,v)} Rust: oArray.iter().enumerate().for_each(|(k,v)| oFunc(k,*v)) Scala: oArray.view.zipWithIndex.foreach((v,k)=>oFunc(k,v)) [note: Func receives value/key] Swift: oArray.enumerated().forEach(oFunc) [also: oArray.enumerated().forEach{oFunc($0,$1)}] [note: Func receives key/value] UFL: Array.NewEmpty [or Array.NewBasic][create an empty array] AutoHotkey: oArray := [] [type: Array] [note: 1-based] C++: int oArray[] = {} [type: e.g. A0_i / A0_d / (mangled) (int/double/std::string arrays respectively)] [also: std::vector<int> oVec] C#: int[] oArray = {} [type: e.g. Int32[] / Double[] / String[] (int/double/string arrays respectively)] [also (C# 12 onwards): int[] oArray = []] [also: var oList = new List<int>()] [requires (List): using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oArray = [] of Int32 [type: Array(Int32) / Array(Float64) / Array(String)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array() [type: Variant()] [note: 0-based by default, can specify the start index] [note: an alternative class: Set oArray = CreateObject("System.Collections.ArrayList")] Go: oArray := [0]int{} [type: e.g. [0]int / [0]float64 / [0]string] [note: to omit the count (to let the compiler count the members), use '...', e.g. oArray := [...]int{}] [WARNING: omitting the count, i.e. '[]', creates a slice, not an array] Java: int[] oArray = {} [type: e.g. int[] / double[] / String[] (int/double/string arrays respectively)] [also: var oList = new ArrayList<Integer>()] JavaScript: oArray = [] [type: Array] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf<Int>() [type: Array] [also: oArray: Array<Int> = arrayOf()] PHP: $oArray = [] [type: array] [also: array()] [note: an associative array that also has linear array functionality] [note: 0-based by default, can specify the start index] Python: oList = [] [type: list] R: oVec = numeric(0) [e.g. type: double (class: numeric) / character] [also (1-item vec to 0-item vec): oVec = c(0)[-1]] [note: 1-based] [WARNING: for vectors, typeof/class report the type of the item] Ruby: oArray = [] [type: Array] Rust: oArray: [i32; 0] = [] [type: '[i32; 0]'] [also: let mut oVec: Vec<i32> = vec![]] Scala: var oArray = Array[Int]() [type: e.g. int[] / double[] / String[] (int/double/string arrays respectively)] [also: var oList = List[Int]()] [type (empty list): Nil$] [type (non-empty list): $colon$colon] Swift: oArray = [Int]() [type: e.g. Array<Int> / Array<Double> / Array<String> (Int/Double/String arrays respectively)] UFL: (Array.NewIntDemo) [create an array containing 1, 2, 3] AutoHotkey: oArray := [1, 2, 3] C++: int oArray[] = {1, 2, 3} [also: std::vector<int> oVec = {1, 2, 3}] C#: int[] oArray = {1, 2, 3} [also: var oList = new List<int>{1, 2, 3}] Crystal: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array(1, 2, 3) Go: oArray := [...]int{1, 2, 3} [also: oSlice := []int{1, 2, 3}] [also: oArray := [3]int{1, 2, 3}] Java: int[] oArray = {1, 2, 3} [also (fixed size): List<Integer> oList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)] [also (read-only): var oList = List.of(1, 2, 3)] [note: see 'Array.ToList' to create a mutable list from an array] JavaScript: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf(1, 2, 3) PHP: $oArray = [1, 2, 3] Python: oList = [1, 2, 3] R: oVec = c(1, 2, 3) [WARNING: these are equivalent: oVec = 1; oVec = c(1)] [WARNING: these are equivalent: oVecNew = as.character(oVec); oVecNew = mapply(\(v) as.character(v), oVec)] Ruby: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Rust: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Scala: var oArray = Array(1, 2, 3) [also: var oList = List(1, 2, 3)] Swift: oArray = [1, 2, 3] [e.g. empty array: oArray = [Int]()] UFL: (Array.NewFloatDemo) [or Array.NewDoubleDemo][create an array containing 1.1, 2.2, 3.3] AutoHotkey: oArray := [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] C++: double oArray[] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3} [also: std::vector<double> oVec = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3}] C#: double[] oArray = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3} [also: var oList = new List<double>{1.1, 2.2, 3.3}] [note: 'double' is preferred, 'Double' also works] Crystal: oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array(1.1, 2.2, 3.3) Go: oArray := [...]float64{1.1, 2.2, 3.3} [also: oSlice := []float64{1.1, 2.2, 3.3}] [also: oArray := [3]float64{1.1, 2.2, 3.3}] Java: double[] oArray = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3} [also (fixed size): List<Double> oList = Arrays.asList(1.1, 2.2, 3.3)] [also (read-only): var oList = List.of(1.1, 2.2, 3.3)] [note: see 'Array.ToList' to create a mutable list from an array] JavaScript: oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf(1.1, 2.2, 3.3) PHP: $oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] Python: oList = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] R: oVec = c(1.1, 2.2, 3.3) Ruby: oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] Rust: oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] Scala: var oArray = Array(1.1, 2.2, 3.3) [also: var oList = List(1.1, 2.2, 3.3)] Swift: oArray = [1.1, 2.2, 3.3] [e.g. empty array: oArray = [Double]()] UFL: (Array.NewFloatExDemo) [or Array.NewDoubleExDemo][create an array containing floats e.g. -Inf/Inf/NaN][see also: NaN/Infinity] AutoHotkey: oArray := [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Abs(Ln(0)), Abs(Ln(0)), Abs(Ln(0)/Ln(0))] C++: double oArray[] = {-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity(), std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN()} C#: double[] oArray = {-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, Double.NegativeInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NaN} Crystal: oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Float64::INFINITY, Float64::INFINITY, Float64::NAN] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array(-123.456, -0#, 0#, 123.456, vNInf, vInf, vNaN) [note: need to define NInf/Inf/NaN elsewhere] Go: oArray := [...]float64{-123.456, math.Copysign(0.0, -1), 0.0, 123.456, math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(1), math.NaN()} Java: double[] oArray = {-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN} JavaScript: oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Infinity, Infinity, NaN] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf(-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN) PHP: $oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -INF, INF, NAN] Python: oList = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, float("-inf"), float("inf"), float("nan")] R: oVec = c(-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Inf, Inf, NaN) Ruby: oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY, Float::NAN] Rust: oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -std::f64::INFINITY, std::f64::INFINITY, std::f64::NAN] Scala: oArray = Array(-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, Double.NegativeInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NaN) Swift: oArray = [-123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, -Double.infinity, Double.infinity, Double.nan] UFL: (Array.OverwriteIntDemo) [or Array.NewOverwriteIntDemo][overwrite an existing array (redefine/reassign)][note: the syntax is often identical to creating an array][replace an array with a new array][this syntax can often be used to temporarily create an array, to print it] AutoHotkey: oArray := [1, 2, 3] C++: ___ [can use: oVec = {1, 2, 3}] [also: oVec = std::vector<int>{1, 2, 3}] C#: oArray = [1, 2, 3] [also: oArray = (int[])[1, 2, 3]] [also: oArray = new int[]{1, 2, 3}] [also: oList = [1, 2, 3]] [also: oList = (List<int>)[1, 2, 3]] [also: oList = new List<int>{1, 2, 3}] Crystal: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array(1, 2, 3) Go: oArray = [...]int{1, 2, 3} [also: oSlice = []int{1, 2, 3}] [note: can only overwrite an existing array with an array of the same size] Java: oArray = new int[]{1, 2, 3} [also: oList = Arrays.asList(1, 2, 3)] [also: oList = List.of(1, 2, 3)] JavaScript: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf(1, 2, 3) PHP: $oArray = [1, 2, 3] Python: oList = [1, 2, 3] R: oVec = c(1, 2, 3) Ruby: oArray = [1, 2, 3] Rust: let oArray = [1, 2, 3] Scala: oArray = Array(1, 2, 3) [also: oList = List(1, 2, 3)] Swift: oArray = [1, 2, 3] UFL: (Array.NewStrDemo) [create an array containing a, b, c] AutoHotkey: oArray := ["a", "b", "c"] C++: std::string oArray[] = {"a", "b", "c"} [also: std::vector<std::string> oVec = {"a", "b", "c"}] C#: string[] oArray = {"a", "b", "c"} [note: 'String[]' also works] [also: var oList = new List<string>{"a", "b", "c"}] Crystal: oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array("a", "b", "c") Go: oArray := [...]string{"a", "b", "c"} [also: oSlice := []string{"a", "b", "c"}] [also: oArray := [3]string{"a", "b", "c"}] Java: String[] oArray = {"a", "b", "c"} [note: 'string[]' doesn't work] [also (fixed size): List<String> oList = Arrays.asList("a", "b", "c")] [also (read-only): var oList = List.of("a", "b", "c")] [note: see 'Array.ToList' to create a mutable list from an array] JavaScript: oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf("a", "b", "c") PHP: $oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] Python: oList = ["a", "b", "c"] R: oVec = c("a", "b", "c") Ruby: oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] Rust: oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] Scala: var oArray = Array("a", "b", "c") [also: var oList = List("a", "b", "c")] Swift: oArray = ["a", "b", "c"] [e.g. empty array: oArray = [String]()] UFL: (Array.NewEntriesStrDemo) [or Array.NewArrayOfArraysStrDemo/Entries.NewStrDemo][array of arrays, e.g. entries (key-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: oEntries := [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] C++: std::string oEntries[][2] = {{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}} [also: std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> oEntries = {{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}}] C#: string[][] oEntries = {new[]{"k1","v1"}, new[]{"k2","v2"}, new[]{"k3","v3"}} Crystal: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oEntries = Array(Array("k1", "v1"), Array("k2", "v2"), Array("k3", "v3")) Go: oEntries := [...][2]string{{"k1", "v1"}, {"k2", "v2"}, {"k3", "v3"}} [also (a slice of slices): oEntries := [][]string{{"k1", "v1"}, {"k2", "v2"}, {"k3", "v3"}}] Java: String[][] oEntries = {{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}} JavaScript: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] Kotlin: oEntries = arrayOf(arrayOf("k1","v1"), arrayOf("k2","v2"), arrayOf("k3","v3")) PHP: $oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] Python: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] R: oEntries = list(list("k1","v1"), list("k2","v2"), list("k3","v3")) [e.g. vValue = unlist(oEntries[1])[1]] Ruby: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] Rust: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] Scala: var oEntries = Array(("k1","v1"), ("k2","v2"), ("k3","v3")) [note: array of tuples] [also (2D array): var oEntries = Array(Array("k1","v1"), Array("k2","v2"), Array("k3","v3"))] Swift: oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]] UFL: (Array.NewMultiTypeDemo) [create an array containing values of multiple types for testing] AutoHotkey: oArray := ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -Abs(Ln(0)), Abs(Ln(0)), Abs(Ln(0)/Ln(0))] [note: false and 0 are identical] C++: ___ C#: object[] oArray = {"abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, Double.NegativeInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NaN} Crystal: oArray = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -Float64::INFINITY, Float64::INFINITY, Float64::NAN] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array("abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0#, 0#, 123.456, True, False, vNInf, vInf, vNaN) [note: need to define NInf/Inf/NaN elsewhere] Go: oArray := [...]interface{}{"abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, math.Copysign(0.0, -1), 0.0, 123.456, true, false, math.Inf(-1), math.Inf(1), math.NaN()} [note: use '[]' instead of '[...]' for a slice] Java: Object[] oArray = {"abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN} JavaScript: oArray = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -Infinity, Infinity, NaN] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf("abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, Double.NaN) PHP: $oArray = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -INF, INF, NAN] Python: oList = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, True, False, float("-inf"), float("inf"), float("nan")] R: ___ [can use: oList = list("abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, TRUE, FALSE, -Inf, Inf, NaN)] [note: vectors coerce values to one type (e.g. character (string)/numeric)] [also: as.integer(vNum)] Ruby: oArray = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -Float::INFINITY, Float::INFINITY, Float::NAN] Rust: ___ [note: workaround an array/vector of enums] Scala: oArray = Array("abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, Double.NegativeInfinity, Double.PositiveInfinity, Double.NaN) Swift: oArray = ["abc", "", -123, 0, 123, -123.456, -0.0, 0.0, 123.456, true, false, -Double.infinity, Double.infinity, Double.nan] as [Any] UFL: (Array.NewMultiTypeFalsyDemo) [create an array containing values of multiple types, with falsy values][note: other values to consider: NaN, null, empty objects, some object types] AutoHotkey: oArray := ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] [note: false and 0 are identical] C++: ___ C#: object[] oArray = {"", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false} Crystal: oArray = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray = Array("", 0, -0#, 0#, False) Go: oArray := [...]interface{}{"", 0, 0.0, math.Copysign(0.0, -1), false} [note: use '[]' instead of '[...]' for a slice] Java: Object[] oArray = {"", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false} JavaScript: oArray = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] Kotlin: oArray = arrayOf("", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false) PHP: $oArray = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] Python: oList = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, False] R: ___ [can use: oList = list("", 0, 0.0, -0.0, FALSE)] [note: vectors coerce values to one type (e.g. character (string)/numeric)] [also: as.integer(0)] Ruby: oArray = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] Rust: ___ [note: workaround an array/vector of enums] Scala: oArray = Array("", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false) Swift: oArray = ["", 0, 0.0, -0.0, false] as [Any] UFL: (Array.NewSizeDemo) [create an array of size n, the values don't matter][see also: Array.Rept/Range.ToArray] AutoHotkey: (oArray := []).Length := vCount [note: 'no value'-initialised] [also (space-initialised, i.e. 1-char string, Chr(32)): StrSplit(Format("{:" vCount "}", ""))] C++: int* oArray = new int[vCount] [note: zero-initialised] [also ('random'-value-initialised, replace '123' with the necessary size): int oArray[123]] [also (zero-initialised): int oArray[123] = {}] [also (zero-initialised): std::vector<int> oVec(vCount)] C#: int[] oArray = new int[vCount] [also: var oList = Enumerable.Repeat(0, vCount).ToList()] [note: both zero-initialised] Crystal: oArray = Array.new(vCount, 0) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ReDim oArray(0 To vCount - 1) [note: empty-initialised] [note (zero-initialised): ReDim oArray(0 To vCount - 1) As Integer] Go: oSlice := make([]int, vCount) [also (cannot set array size dynamically, replace '123' as appropriate): oArray := [123]int{}] Java: int[] oArray = new int[vCount] [note: zero-initialised] JavaScript: oArray = Array(vCount) [note: empty-initialised (elided)] [also (zero-initialised): oArray = Array(vCount).fill(0)] Kotlin: oArray = IntArray(vCount) [note: zero-initialised] PHP: $oArray = range(0, $vCount-1) [also (zero-initialised): $oArray = array_fill(0, $vCount, 0)] Python: oArray = [0] * vCount [note: zero-initialised] R: oVec = 1:vCount [note: the R range is a vector] Ruby: oArray = Array.new(vCount) Rust: oArray = [0; vCount] [beforehand: const vCount: usize = 10] [WARNING: can't set count at runtime] Scala: var oArray = Array.fill(vCount)(0) Swift: oArray = Array(repeating:0, count:vCount) [note: zero-initialised] UFL: Array.Rept [or Array.Repeat][create an array of the same value repeated n times] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::fill(oArray, oArray+vCount, vValue) [beforehand: int* oArray = new int[vCount]] [also (array): std::fill(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), vValue)] [also (vector): std::fill(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), vValue)] [beforehand (vector): std::vector<int> oVec(vCount)] C#: Array.Fill(oArray, vValue) [beforehand: int[] oArray = new int[vCount]] [also (requires: using System.Linq): int[] oArray = Enumerable.Repeat(vValue, vCount).ToArray()] Crystal: oArray = Array.new(vCount, vValue) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArray = Collections.nCopies(vCount, vValue).stream().mapToInt(v->v).toArray() [also: String[] oArray = Collections.nCopies(vCount, vValue).toArray(new String[0])] [requires: import java.util.*] [also: java.util.Arrays.fill(oArray, vValue)] [beforehand (fill): int[] oArray = new int[vCount]] JavaScript: oArray = Array(vCount).fill(vValue) [also (ES5): Array.apply(null, Array(vCount)).map(function(){return vValue})] Kotlin: oArray = Array(vCount){vValue} [also: oArray = IntArray(vCount){vValue}] [also: oList = List(vCount){vValue}] PHP: $oArray = array_fill($vIndex, $vCount, $vValue) [e.g. $vIndex = 0 for a 0-based array] [also: $oArray = array_pad([], $vCount, $vValue)] Python: oList = [vValue] * vCount R: oVec = rep(vValue, vCount) Ruby: oArray = Array.new(vCount, vValue) Rust: oVec = vec![vValue; vCount] [also: oVec = (0..vCount).map(|_| vValue).collect::<Vec<_>>()] [also (overwrite existing values): oVec.fill(vCount)] Scala: oArray = Array.fill(vCount)(vValue) Swift: oArray = Array(repeating:vValue, count:vCount) UFL: Array.ReptMult [e.g. [1,2,3] to [1,2,3,1,2,3,1,2,3]][create an array of the same value(s) repeated n times] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: oArrayNew = Enumerable.Repeat(oArray, vCount).SelectMany(v=>v).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray * vCount [also: oArrayNew = Array.new(vCount, oArray).flatten] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: int[] oArrayNew = Stream.iterate(oArray, v->v).flatMapToInt(IntStream::of).limit(oArray.length*vCount).toArray()] [also: String[] oArrayNew = Stream.iterate(oArray, v->v).flatMap(v->Stream.of(oArray)).limit(oArray.length*vCount).toArray(String[]::new)] [also: int[] oArrayNew = Stream.of(Collections.nCopies(vCount, oArray).stream().toArray(int[][]::new)).flatMapToInt(IntStream::of).toArray()] [also: String[] oArrayNew = Stream.of(Collections.nCopies(vCount, oArray).stream().toArray(String[][]::new)).flatMap(Stream::of).toArray(String[]::new)] JavaScript: oArrayNew = Array(vCount).fill(oArray).flat() Kotlin: oArrayNew = Array(vCount){oArray}.flatten().toTypedArray() [also: oListNew = List(vCount){oList}.flatten()] [also: oArrayNew = generateSequence{oArray.asIterable()}.flatten().take(oArray.size*vCount).toList().toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_merge(...array_fill(0, $vCount, $oArray)) Python: oArrayNew = oArray * vCount R: oVecNew = rep(oVec, vCount) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray * vCount [also: oArrayNew = Array.new(vCount, oArray).flatten] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().cycle().take(oVec.len() * vCount).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = Array.fill(vCount)(oArray).flatten] Swift: oArrayNew = Array(repeating:oArray, count:vCount).flatMap{$0} UFL: Array.ReptEach [e.g. [1,2,3] to [1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3]][repeat each element n times] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: oArrayNew = oArray.SelectMany(v=>Enumerable.Repeat(v, vCount)).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.flat_map{|v| Array.new(vCount, v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToObj(v->Collections.nCopies(vCount, v).stream().mapToInt(v2->v2).toArray()).flatMapToInt(IntStream::of).toArray()] [also: String[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).map(v->Collections.nCopies(vCount, v).stream().toArray(String[]::new)).flatMap(Stream::of).toArray(String[]::new)] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(v=>Array(vCount).fill(v)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{v->List(vCount){v}}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{v->Array(vCount){v}.toList()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_merge(...array_map(fn($v)=>array_fill(0, $vCount, $v), $oArray)) Python: oListNew = [v for v in oList for i in range(vCount)] R: oVecNew = rep(oVec, each=vCount) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.flat_map{|v| Array.new(vCount, v)} Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().flat_map(|v| std::iter::repeat(v).take(vCount)).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(Array.fill(vCount)(_))] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{Array(repeating:$0, count:vCount)} UFL: (Array.ReptEach1ToNDemo) [e.g. max=4, count=3: [1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,4]] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: oArray = Enumerable.Range(1, vMax).SelectMany(v=>Enumerable.Repeat(v, vCount)).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray = (1..vMax).flat_map{|v| Array.new(vCount, v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, vMax).mapToObj(v->Collections.nCopies(vCount, v).stream().mapToInt(v2->v2).toArray()).flatMapToInt(IntStream::of).toArray() JavaScript: oArray = Array(vMax).fill().flatMap((v,k)=>Array(vCount).fill(k+1)) Kotlin: oArray = (1..vMax).flatMap{v->List(vCount){v}}.toTypedArray() [also: oArray = (1..vMax).flatMap{v->Array(vCount){v}.toList()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArray = array_merge(...array_map(fn($v)=>array_fill(0, $vCount, $v), range(1, $vMax))) Python: oList = [v+1 for v in range(vMax) for i in range(vCount)] R: oVec = rep(1:vMax, each=vCount) [also: oVec = ceiling((1:(vMax*vCount))/vCount)] Ruby: oArray = (1..vMax).flat_map{|v| Array.new(vCount, v)} Rust: oVec = (1..=vMax).collect::<Vec<_>>().into_iter().flat_map(|v| std::iter::repeat(v).take(vCount)).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = Range.inclusive(1, vMax).flatMap(Array.fill(vCount)(_)).toArray Swift: oArray = (1...vMax).flatMap{Array(repeating:$0, count:vCount)} UFL: (Array.Keys) [often equivalent to range to array][see also: Range.ToArray] AutoHotkey: oKeys := [oArray.__Enum(2).Bind(,&_)*] C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oKeys.push_back(i) [beforehand: std::vector<int> oKeys] C#: ___ [can use: var oKeys = Enumerable.Range(0, oArray.Length).ToArray()] Crystal: ___ [can use: (0...oArray.size).to_a] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: var oKeys = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).toArray()] JavaScript: oKeys = oArray.keys() Kotlin: oKeys = oArray.mapIndexed{k,_->k}.toTypedArray() [also: oKeys = (0..<oArray.count()).toList().toTypedArray()] PHP: $oKeys = array_keys($oArray) Python: ___ [can use: oKeys = list(range(len(oList)))] R: ___ [can use: oKeys = 1:length(oVec)] Ruby: ___ [can use: (0...oArray.length).to_a] Rust: ___ [can use: oKeys = (0..oArray.len()).collect::<Vec<_>>()] Scala: ___ [can use: oKeys = Range(0, oArray.length).toArray] Swift: oKeys = oArray.enumerated().map{$0.0} [note: failed with $0] UFL: (Array.Values) [often equivalent to copying an array][see also: Array.Clone] AutoHotkey: oValues := [oArray*] [also: oValues := oArray.Clone()] C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oValues.push_back(oArray[i]) [beforehand: std::vector<std::string> oValues] C#: ___ [can use: var oValues = oArray.Clone() as string[]] [note: replace 'string[]' with the appropriate type] Crystal: ___ [can use (clone array): oValues = oArray.clone] [also: oValues = oArray.dup] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [can use (clone array): oValues = oArray] Go: ___ [can use (clone array): oValues := oArray] Java: ___ [can use: var oValues = oArray.clone()] JavaScript: oValues = oArray.values() [also: oValues = oArray.slice()] Kotlin: ___ [can use: oValues = oArray.copyOf()] PHP: $oValues = array_values($oArray) [also (clone array): $oValues = $oArray] Python: ___ [can use: oValues = oList.copy()] R: ___ [can use (clone vector): oValues = oVec] Ruby: ___ [can use (clone array): oValues = oArray.clone] [also: oValues = oArray.dup] Rust: ___ [can use: oValues = oArray.clone()] Scala: ___ [can use: oValues = oArray.clone] Swift: oValues = oArray.map{$0} [also (clone array): oValues = oArray] UFL: (Array.Entries) [or Array.ToEntries][array to entries (key-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oEntries.push_back(std::make_pair(i, oArray[i])) [beforehand: std::vector<std::pair<int,std::string>> oEntries] C#: Tuple<int,string>[] oEntries = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new Tuple<int,string>(k,v)).ToArray() [also: KeyValuePair<int,string>[] oEntries = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new KeyValuePair<int,string>(k,v)).ToArray()] [also: string[][] oEntries = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new[]{k.ToString(),v}).ToArray()] Crystal: oEntries = oArray.each_with_index.map{|v,k| {k,v}}.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oEntries[i] = Map.entry(i, oArray[i]) [beforehand: Map.Entry<Integer,String>[] oEntries = new Map.Entry[oArray.length]] [also (indexes as strings): for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oEntries[i] = new String[]{"" + i, oArray[i]}] [beforehand (indexes as strings): String[][] oEntries = new String[oArray.length][2]] [also (int[]/String[]): oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).mapToObj(i->Map.entry(i, oArray[i])).toArray()] JavaScript: oEntries = [...oArray.entries()] [note: creates an array of arrays] [also (returns an iterator): oEntries = oArray.entries()] Kotlin: oEntries = oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!}.toMap().entries PHP: foreach ($oArray as $vKey=>$vValue) array_push($oEntries, [$vKey, $vValue]) [beforehand: $oEntries = []] [also: $oEntries = array_map(function($oKey) use ($oArray) {return [$oKey, $oArray[$oKey]];}, array_keys($oArray))] Python: oEntries = {k:v for k,v in enumerate(oList)}.items() R: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec, USE.NAMES=FALSE) [note: 1-based] [also (0-based): oEntries = Map(c, 0:(length(oVec)-1), oVec, USE.NAMES=FALSE)] Ruby: oEntries = oArray.each_with_index.map{|v,k| [k,v]} Rust: oEntries = oArray.iter().enumerate().collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oEntries = oArray.zipWithIndex [note: an array of tuples] [also (2D array): oEntries = oArray.zipWithIndex.map((v,k)=>Array(k,v))] Swift: oEntries = oArray.enumerated().map{[$0,$1]} [also (to tuples): oEntries = oArray.enumerated().map{($0,$1)}] UFL: Array.Flat [or Array.Flatten][note: modifies the array][see also: Array.FlatMap][see also (inverse): Array.Chunk][e.g. 2D array to 1D array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ [can use: oArray = oArray.flatten] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oArray.flat(vDepth) [note: default depth: 1] Kotlin: oArray.flatten() PHP: ___ Python: ___ [can use: oListNew = reduce(list.__add__, oList)] [requires: from functools import reduce] [also: oListNew = list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(oList))] [requires: import itertools] [note (both): flattens by depth 1] R: ___ Ruby: oArray.flatten! Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: oArray = oArray.flatten] Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.Flattened) [note: doesn't modify the array (creates a new array)][e.g. 2D array to 1D array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [e.g. 2D array: for (const auto& oEntry : oEntries) oVec.insert(oVec.end(), oEntry, oEntry+2)] [beforehand (e.g.): std::vector<std::string> oVec] [beforehand (e.g.) std::vector<int> oVec] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.SelectMany(v=>v) Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.flatten Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. flatten String[][]: String[] oArray = Arrays.stream(oEntries).flatMap(Arrays::stream).toArray(String[]::new)] [e.g. flatten int[][]: int[] oArray = Arrays.stream(oEntries).flatMapToInt(Arrays::stream).toArray()] [also: String[] oArray = Stream.of(oEntries).flatMap(Stream::of).toArray(String[]::new)] [also: int[] oArray = Stream.of(oEntries).flatMapToInt(IntStream::of).toArray()] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.flatten Rust: ___ [can use (vector of vectors): oVecNew = oEntries.clone().into_iter().flatten().collect::<Vec<_>>()] [can use (array of arrays, vector of vectors): for oEntry in oEntries.clone() {for vValue in oEntry {oVecNew.push(vValue);}}] [beforehand (a of a, v of v): let mut oVecNew: Vec<&str> = vec![]] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.flatten Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{$0} [WARNING: only flattens by 1 level] UFL: Array.Length [get length/count/size (element count)] AutoHotkey: oArray.Length [note: AHK v1: oArray.Length()] C++: sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]) [also: vLen = *(&oArray+1) - oArray] [note (std::vector): oVec.size()] [also: vLen = std::end(oArray) - std::begin(oArray)] C#: oArray.Length [also: oList.Count] Crystal: oArray.size Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vLen = UBound(oArray) - LBound(oArray) + 1 [note: this works for empty arrays too, e.g. Array() has UBound -1 and LBound 0] Go: len(oArray) Java: oArray.length [also: oList.size()] [WARNING: oArray.length requires no parentheses, unlike vText.length()] JavaScript: oArray.length Kotlin: oArray.size [also: oArray.count()] PHP: count($oArray) [also: sizeof($oArray)] Python: len(oList) R: length(oVec) Ruby: oArray.length [also: oArray.size] [also: oArray.count] Rust: oArray.len() [also: oVec.len()] Scala: oArray.length [also: oArray.size] [also: oList.length] [also: oList.size] Swift: oArray.count UFL: Array.CountNonNull [no params: count items with a value][e.g. check if array is dense] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) if (vValue != (std::string)NULL) vCount++ [beforehand: int vCount = 0] C#: vCount = oArray.Count(v=>v!=null) Crystal: vCount = oArray.count{|v| v!=nil} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: can use Filter() to list matches(/non-matches) that are a *substring* of a needle, case-sensitive/case-insensitive (integer values are treated as strings)] Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. Integer[]: int vCount = Arrays.stream(oArray).reduce(0,(a,v)->a+(v!=null?1:0))] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: $vCount = count(array_filter($oArray, function($oValue) {return ($oValue != null);})) Python: ___ R: vCount = length(na.omit(oVec)) [count elements excluding any NA elements] Ruby: vCount = oArray.count{|v| v!=nil} Rust: vCount = oArray.iter().fold(0, |a,v| a+(*v).is_none() as i32) Scala: ___ [can use: oArray.count(_!=null)] Swift: vCount = oArray.reduce(0){$0+($1==nil ?1:0)} [note: if '?' 'has no whitespace on the left, it's treated as a postfix operator'] UFL: Array.Count [or Array.CountMatch][1 param: count items that match predicate (i.e. like Array.Filter but the count only, not the matches)][see also: Array.Filter/Array.Reduce] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: vCount = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), 0, [vNeedle](int a,int v){return a+(v==vNeedle);})] [also: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) if (vValue == vNeedle) vCount++] [beforehand: int vCount = 0] [requires: #include <numeric>] C#: vCount = oArray.Count(oFunc) [also: vCount = oArray.Count(v=>oFunc(v))] Crystal: vCount = oArray.count(&oFunc) [also: vCount = oArray.count{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: can use Filter() to list matches(/non-matches) that are a *substring* of a needle, case-sensitive/case-insensitive (integer values are treated as strings)] Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. int[]: int vCount = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce(0,(a,v)->a+(v==vNeedle?1:0))] [e.g. int[] also: long vCount = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().filter(v->v==vNeedle).count()] [e.g. String[]: int vCount = Arrays.stream(oArray).reduce(0,(a,v)->a+(v==vNeedle?1:0),Integer::sum)] [e.g. String[] also: long vCount = Arrays.stream(oArray).filter(v->v==vNeedle).count()] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vCount = oArray.count(oFunc) PHP: ___ [can use: $vCount = array_reduce($oArray, fn($a,$v)=>$a+($v==$vNeedle))] [can use: $vCount = count(array_filter($oArray, function($oValue) use ($vNeedle) {return ($oValue == $vNeedle);}))] Python: ___ R: vCount = length(Filter(oFunc, oVec)) [also (unusual syntax): vCount = length(oVec[oFunc(oVec)])] [e.g. (unusual syntax): vCount = length(oVec[oVec%%3 == 0])] [note: Filter() excludes NA values] Ruby: vCount = oArray.count(&oFunc) [also: vCount = oArray.count{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: ___ [can use: vCount = oArray.iter().fold(0, |a,v| a+(*v==vNeedle) as i32)] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray.count(_==vNeedle)] Swift: ___ [can use: vCount = oArray.reduce(0){$0+($1==vNeedle ?1:0)}] UFL: Array.All [check that all items match the predicate][see also: Array.Count/Array.Any] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::all_of(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oFunc) C#: oArray.All(oFunc) [also: Array.TrueForAll(oArray, oFunc)] [requires (All): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.all?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.all?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.stream(oArray).allMatch(oFunc) JavaScript: oArray.every(oFunc) Kotlin: oArray.all(oFunc) [also: oArray.all{oFunc(it)}] PHP: ___ Python: all(oFunc(v) for v in oList) R: all(oFunc(oVec)) [also: all(oVecBool)] [e.g. all(c(1,2,3)%%3 == 0)] [e.g. all(c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE))] Ruby: oArray.all?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.all?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: oArray.iter().all(|&v| oFunc(v)) Scala: oArray.forall(oFunc) Swift: oArray.allSatisfy(oFunc) [also: oArray.allSatisfy{oFunc($0)}] [also: !oArray.contains(where:{!oFunc($0)})] [note: i.e. where it doesn't contain a non-match] UFL: Array.Any [check that at least 1 item matches the predicate][see also: Array.Count/Array.All/Array.HasVal/Array.IndexOf] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::any_of(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oFunc) C#: oArray.Any(oFunc) [also: Array.Exists(oArray, oFunc)] [requires (Any): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.any?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.any?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.stream(oArray).anyMatch(oFunc) JavaScript: oArray.some(oFunc) Kotlin: oArray.any(oFunc) [also: oArray.any{oFunc(it)}] PHP: ___ Python: any(oFunc(v) for v in oList) R: any(oFunc(oVec)) [also: any(oVecBool)] [e.g. any(c(1,2,3)%%3 == 0)] [e.g. any(c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE))] Ruby: oArray.any?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.any?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: oArray.iter().any(|&v| oFunc(v)) Scala: oArray.exists(oFunc) Swift: oArray.contains(where:oFunc) UFL: Array.None [check that no items match the predicate][see also: Array.Count/Array.All] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::none_of(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oFunc) C#: ___ [can use: !oArray.Any(oFunc)] [also: !Array.Exists(oArray, oFunc)] [requires (Any): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.none?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.none?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.stream(oArray).noneMatch(oFunc) JavaScript: ___ [can use: !oArray.some(oFunc)] Kotlin: oArray.none(oFunc) [also: oArray.none{oFunc(it)}] PHP: ___ Python: ___ [can use: not any(oFunc(v) for v in oList)] R: ___ [can use: !any(oFunc(oVec))] [also: !any(oVecBool)] Ruby: oArray.none?(&oFunc) [also: oArray.none?{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: ___ [can use: !oArray.iter().any(|&v| oFunc(v))] Scala: ___ [can use: !oArray.exists(oFunc)] Swift: ___ [can use: !oArray.contains(where:oFunc)] UFL: Array.GetCapacity [get array capacity][see also: StrGetCapacity] AutoHotkey: vCapacity := oArray.Capacity C++: vCapacity = oVec.capacity() C#: vCapacity = oList.Capacity Crystal: ___ [can use: oArray.remaining_capacity] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vCapacity := cap(oSlice) Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: vCapacity = oArray.capacity() Scala: ___ Swift: vCapacity = oArray.capacity UFL: Array.SetCapacity [set array capacity (or request a minimum capacity)][see also: StrSetCapacity] AutoHotkey: oArray.Capacity := vCapacity C++: oVec.reserve(vCapacity) [also: oVec.shrink_to_fit()] C#: oList.Capacity = vCapacity Crystal: ___ [can use (for new arrays): oArray(Int32).new(vCapacity)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Grow(oSlice, vCapacityToAdd) [WARNING: value is capacity to *add*, not the future total] [also (shrink to fit): oSlice = slices.Clip(oSlice)] Java: oList.ensureCapacity(vCapacity) [also: oList.trimToSize()] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ [WARNING (reserve): value is capacity to *add*, not the future total] [e.g. add: oArray.reserve(vCapacityExtra)] [e.g. set total: oArray.reserve(vCapacity-oArray.len())] [also: reserve_exact/shrink_to_fit/shrink_to/truncate] Scala: ___ Swift: oArray.reserveCapacity(vCapacity) UFL: Array.Has [or Array.HasKey][i.e. is the *index* within bounds] AutoHotkey: vHasKey := oArray.Has(vKey) C++: vHasKey = (vKey < sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0])) [also: (oArray[vKey] != (std::string)NULL)] C#: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.Length) [also: (oArray[vKey] != null)] Crystal: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.size) [also: oArray.count] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vHasKey = (TypeName(oArray(vKey)) != "Empty") [also: vHasKey = (LBound(oArray) <= vKey) And (vKey <= UBound(oArray))] Go: vHasKey := (vKey < len(oArray)) Java: var vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.length) [also: (oArray[vKey] != null)] JavaScript: vHasKey = (vKey in oArray) [note: empty (elided) items return false, undefined/null items return true] Kotlin: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.size) [also: (oArray[vKey] != null)] PHP: $vHasKey = array_key_exists($vKey, $oArray) Python: vHasKey = (vKey < len(oList)) [also: (oList[vKey] is not None)] R: vHasKey = (vKey <= length(oVec)) [also: vHasKey = !is.na(oVec[vKey])] [note: 1-based] Ruby: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.length) [also: oArray.size] [also: oArray.count] Rust: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.len()) [also: vHasKey = (vKey < oVec.len())] [also: !oArray[vKey].is_none()] [also: !oVec[vKey].is_none()] [also: is_some()] Scala: var vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.length) [also: (oArray(vKey) != null)] Swift: vHasKey = (vKey < oArray.count) [also: oArray[vKey] != nil] UFL: (Array.KeyIsEmpty) [for a given key, is it empty (non-existent) or null] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use: IsSet(vVar)] [note: cannot use IsSet(oArray[vKey])] [can use: try oArray[vKey]] C++: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == (std::string)NULL) C#: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == null) Crystal: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == nil) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vKeyIsEmpty = (TypeName(oArray(vKey)) = "Empty") Go: ___ Java: var vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == null) JavaScript: vKeyIsEmpty = !(vKey in oArray) Kotlin: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == null) PHP: $vKeyIsEmpty = ($oArray[$vKey] == null) Python: vKeyIsEmpty = (oList[vKey] is None) [inverse: (oList[vKey] is not None)] R: vKeyIsEmpty = is.na(oVec[vKey]) Ruby: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == nil) Rust: vKeyIsEmpty = oArray[vKey].is_none() [also: vKeyIsEmpty = oVec[vKey].is_none()] Scala: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray(vKey) == null) Swift: vKeyIsEmpty = (oArray[vKey] == nil) UFL: Array.HasVal [or Array.HasValue/Array.Contains][array contains/includes value (value exists)][see also: Array.IndexOf/Array.Any/Array.Find] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vHasVal = (std::find(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), vNeedle) == std::end(oArray)) [also: auto vHasVal = (std::find(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), vNeedle) == oVec.end())] C#: vHasVal = oArray.Contains(vNeedle) [also: vHasVal = Array.Exists(oArray, v=>v==vNeedle)] Crystal: vHasVal = oArray.includes?(vNeedle) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: can use Filter() to list matches(/non-matches) that are a *substring* of a needle, case-sensitive/case-insensitive (integer values are treated as strings)] Go: vHasVal := slices.Contains(oSlice, vNeedle) Java: ___ [can use: var vHasVal = (oList.indexOf(vNeedle) != -1)] [also (String[]): var vHasVal = Arrays.asList(oArray).contains(vNeedle)] [also (String[]): var vHasVal = Arrays.stream(oArray).anyMatch(vNeedle::equals)] [also (int[]): var vHasVal = IntStream.of(oArray).anyMatch(v->v==vNeedle)] JavaScript: vHasVal = oArray.includes(vNeedle) Kotlin: vHasVal = oArray.contains(vNeedle) PHP: $vHasVal = in_array($vNeedle, $oArray) Python: vHasVal = vNeedle in oList [inverse: vNeedle not in oList] [also (throws if no match): vKey = oList.index(vNeedle)] R: vHasVal = vNeedle %in% oVec [also: vHasVal = is.element(vNeedle, oVec)] [note (both): also works with lists] Ruby: vHasVal = oArray.include?(vNeedle) Rust: vHasVal = oArray.contains(vNeedle) [also: vHasVal = oVec.contains(vNeedle)] Scala: oArray.contains(vNeedle) [note: also works with lists] Swift: vHasVal = oArray.contains(vNeedle) UFL: Array.IndexOf [potentially also: (Array.IndexOf0B)/(Array.IndexOf1B) (note: typically return -1 or 0 if no match)][see also: Array.HasVal/Array.Any/Array.Find] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vIndex = std::find(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), vNeedle) - oArray [also: auto vIndex = std::find(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), vNeedle) - oVec.begin()] [note (both): returns array length (or vector size) if no match] C#: vKey = Array.IndexOf(oArray, vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match ('the lower bound of the array minus 1')] Crystal: vKey = oArray.index(vNeedle) || -1 [note: index() returns nil if no match] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vKey := slices.Index(oSlice, vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] Java: vKey = oList.indexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] JavaScript: vKey = oArray.indexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] Kotlin: vKey = oArray.indexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] PHP: $vKey = array_search($vNeedle, $oArray) [WARNING: returns false if no match] [note: since PHP arrays are associative arrays, -1 is a valid key name, hence boolean false is returned if no match] Python: vKey = oList.index(vNeedle) [WARNING: throws if no match] R: vKey = match(vNeedle, oVec) [note: returns NA if no match] [also (returns 0 if no match): vKey = match(vNeedle, oVec, nomatch=0)] Ruby: vKey = oArray.index(vNeedle) || -1 [note: index() returns nil if no match] Rust: oOpt = oArray.iter().position(|&v| v==vNeedle) [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.is_some()] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap_or(vDefault)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap()] [also: vKey: i32 = oArray.iter().position(|&v| v==vNeedle).map_or(-1, |v| v as i32)] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vKey = oArray.indexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oOpt = oArray.firstIndex(of:vNeedle) [e.g. vIsMatch = (oOpt != nil)] [e.g. vKey = oOpt!] [also: vKey = oArray.firstIndex(of:vNeedle) ?? -1] UFL: Array.LastIndexOf [(note: typically return -1 or 0 if no match)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vIndex = oVec.rend() - std::find(oVec.rbegin(), oVec.rend(), vNeedle) - 1 [note: returns -1 if no match] C#: vKey = Array.LastIndexOf(oArray, vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] Crystal: vKey = oArray.rindex(vNeedle) || -1 [note: rindex() returns nil if no match] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vKey = oList.lastIndexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] JavaScript: vKey = oArray.lastIndexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] Kotlin: vKey = oArray.lastIndexOf(vNeedle) [note: don't confuse with indexOfLast] [note: returns -1 if no match] PHP: $vKey = array_search($vNeedle, array_reverse($oArray, true)) [note: array_reverse() doesn't modify the array] [note: array_reverse(): preserve_keys set to true] [WARNING: since PHP arrays are associative arrays, -1 is a valid key name, hence boolean false is returned if no match] Python: vKey = max(k for k,v in enumerate(oList) if v==vNeedle) [WARNING: throws if no match, consistent with oList.index()] R: vKey = length(oVec) + 1 - match(vNeedle, rev(oVec)) [note: returns NA if no match] [also (returns 0 if no match): vKey = length(oVec) + 1 - match(vNeedle, rev(oVec), nomatch=length(oVec)+1)] [also (returns NA if no match): tail(c(NA, which(oVec %in% vNeedle)), 1)] Ruby: vKey = oArray.rindex(vNeedle) || -1 [note: rindex() returns nil if no match] Rust: oOpt = oArray.iter().rposition(|&v| v==vNeedle) [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.is_some()] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap_or(vDefault)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap()] [also: vKey: i32 = oArray.iter().rposition(|&v| v==vNeedle).map_or(-1, |v| v as i32)] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vKey = oArray.lastIndexOf(vNeedle) [note: returns -1 if no match] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oOpt = oArray.lastIndex(of:vNeedle) [e.g. vIsMatch = (oOpt != nil)] [e.g. vKey = oOpt!] [also: vKey = oArray.lastIndex(of:vNeedle) ?? -1] UFL: Array.Find [or Array.FirstMatch][get value of first item that matches predicate][workaround: use a filter and return the first value][see also: Array.Filter/OpNullCoalescing/Array.IndexOf] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oIter = std::find_if(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oFunc) [afterwards: vIsMatch = (oIter != oVec.end())] [afterwards: vValue = *oIter] [requires: #include <algorithm>] [also: std::ranges::find_if()] C#: vValue = oArray.ToList().Find(v=>oFunc(v)) [also: vValue = oArray.ToList().Find(oFunc)] [WARNING: returns the array's default value if no match (e.g. 0 for ints, null for strings)] Crystal: vValue = oArray.find{|v| oFunc.call(v)} [also: vValue = oArray.find(&oFunc)] [note: returns nil if no match] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oOpt = Arrays.stream(oArray).filter(v->oFunc.test(v)).findFirst() [also: oOpt = Arrays.stream(oArray).filter(oFunc).findFirst()] [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.isPresent()] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.orElseThrow()] JavaScript: vValue = oArray.find(v=>oFunc(v)) [also: vValue = oArray.find(oFunc)] [note: returns undefined if no match] Kotlin: oOpt = oArray.find{oFunc(it)} [also: oOpt = oArray.find(oFunc)] [e.g. vIsMatch = (oOpt != null)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt!!] PHP: $vValue = current(array_filter($oArray, fn($v)=>$oFunc($v))) [WARNING: returns false if no match] Python: vValue = next(v for v in oList if oFunc(v)) [also: vValue = next((v for v in oList if oFunc(v)), vDefault)] [note: throws if no match] [note: if specify a default, additional parentheses required, else error: 'Generator expression must be parenthesized'] R: vValue = oVec[oFunc(oVec)][1] [e.g. vValue = oVec[oVec==vNeedle][1]] [note: returns NA if no match] Ruby: vValue = oArray.find{|v| oFunc.call(v)} [also: vValue = oArray.find(&oFunc)] [note: returns nil if no match] Rust: oOpt = oArray.into_iter().find(|v| oFunc(*v)) [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.is_some()] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap_or(vDefault)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap()] Scala: oOpt = oArray.find(oFunc) [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.isDefined] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.get] Swift: oOpt = oArray.first{oFunc($0)} [also: oOpt = oArray.first(where:oFunc)] [e.g. vIsMatch = (oOpt != nil)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt!] UFL: Array.Get [key get value] AutoHotkey: vValue := oArray[vKey] [note: 1-based] [note: out of bounds: throws] C++: vValue = oArray[vKey] [also: vValue = oVec.at(vKey)] [also: vValue = oVec[vKey]] [WARNING: oArray[vKey]: if key is out of bounds, it will attempt to read the value anyway] [note: 'at' throws if key doesn't exist] [WARNING: oVec[vKey]: if key is out of bounds, the behaviour is undefined] C#: vValue = oArray[vKey] [also: oArray.GetValue(vKey)] [note: out of bounds: throws] Crystal: vValue = oArray[vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vValue = oArray(vKey) [note: out of bounds: throws] [note: arrays are 0-based unless a different start index specified] Go: vValue := oArray[vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] Java: vValue = oArray[vKey] [also: vValue = oList.get(vKey)] [note: out of bounds: throws] JavaScript: vValue = oArray[vKey] [also (negative indexes relative to end): vValue = oArray.at(vKey)] [note: out of bounds: returns undefined] Kotlin: vValue = oArray[vKey] [also: vValue = oArray.get(vKey)] [note: out of bounds: oArray[] and oArray.get() throw] PHP: $vValue = $oArray[$vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] Python: vValue = oList[vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] R: vValue = oVec[vKey] [note: 1-based] [note: out of bounds: returns NA] Ruby: vValue = oArray[vKey] [note: out of bounds: returns nil] Rust: vValue = oArray[vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] [also: vValue = oVec[vKey]] [WARNING (array/vector): get() returns a wrapped value] Scala: vValue = oArray(vKey) [also: vValue = oList(vKey)] [note: out of bounds: throws] Swift: vValue = oArray[vKey] [note: out of bounds: throws] UFL: Array.GetOrDefault [if key non-existent/null/beyond length, provide default (deviations from this are noted)] AutoHotkey: vValue := oArray.Get(vKey, vDefault) [WARNING: throws if key beyond length] C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: oArray.ElementAtOrDefault(vKey)] [WARNING (ElementAtOrDefault): returns null if value is null] [note (ElementAtOrDefault): returns default if key beyond length] [note (ElementAtOrDefault): can't specify a default, the defaults for int/double/string are 0/0/"" respectively] [also: oArray[vKey] ?? vDefault] [WARNING: oArray[vKey] throws if key beyond length] Crystal: vValue = oArray.fetch(vKey, vDefault) [also: vValue = oArray.fetch(vKey){|k| oFunc.call(k)}] [note: returns default if key beyond length] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vValue = Optional.ofNullable(oArray[vKey]).orElse(vDefault) [WARNING: throws if key beyond length] JavaScript: vValue = oArray[vKey] ?? vDefault [note: returns default if value is null/undefined] [note: returns default if key beyond length] Kotlin: vValue = oArray.getOrElse(vKey, oFunc) [e.g. oArray.getOrElse(vKey){vDefault}] [e.g. oArray.getOrElse(vKey, {vDefault})] [WARNING (unlike maps): returns null if value is null] [note: returns default if key beyond length] [also: oArray[vKey] ?: vDefault] [WARNING: oArray[vKey] throws if key beyond length] PHP: $vValue = $oArray[$vKey] ?? $vDefault Python: ___ [can use: vValue = (oList[vKey:vKey+1]or[vDefault])[0]] [also: (oList[vKey:vKey+1]+[vDefault])[0]] [WARNING (both): returns None if value is None] R: ___ [can use: vValue = na.omit(c(oVec[vKey], vDefault))[1]] [note: 1-based] Ruby: vValue = oArray.fetch(vKey, vDefault) [also: vValue = oArray.fetch(vKey){|k| oFunc.call(k)}] [note: returns default if key beyond length] Rust: ___ [can use (for array/vector of options): oArray[vKey].unwrap_or(vDefault)] Scala: vValue = Option(oArray(vKey)).getOrElse(vDefault) [WARNING: throws if key beyond length] Swift: vValue = oArray[vKey] ?? vDefault [WARNING: throws if key beyond length] UFL: Array.Set [key set value] AutoHotkey: oArray[vKey] := vValue C++: oArray[vKey] = vValue [also: oVec[vKey] = vValue] C#: oArray[vKey] = vValue [also: oArray.SetValue()] Crystal: oArray[vKey] = vValue Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray(vKey) = vValue Go: oArray[vKey] = vValue [note: error if use ':='] Java: oArray[vKey] = vValue [also: oList.set(vKey, vValue)] JavaScript: oArray[vKey] = vValue [also: (create a new array, negative indexes relative to end): oArrayNew = oArray.with(vKey, vValue)] Kotlin: oArray[vKey] = vValue [also: oArray.set(vKey, vValue)] PHP: $oArray[$vKey] = $vValue Python: oList[vKey] = vValue R: oVec[vKey] = vValue Ruby: oArray[vKey] = vValue Rust: oArray[vKey] = vValue Scala: oArray(vKey) = vValue [also: oList = oList.updated(vKey, vValue)] Swift: oArray[vKey] = vValue UFL: Array.Swap [swap 2 elements][note: modifies the array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::swap(oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2]) [also: std::iter_swap(oVec.begin()+vKey1, oVec.begin()+vKey2)] [requires (std::iter_swap): #include <algorithm>] C#: (oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2]) = (oArray[vKey2], oArray[vKey1]) [note: destructuring assignment] Crystal: oArray.swap(vKey1, vKey2) [also (destructuring assignment): oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2] = oArray[vKey2], oArray[vKey1]] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2] = oArray[vKey2], oArray[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: [$oArray[$vKey1], $oArray[$vKey2]] = [$oArray[$vKey2], $oArray[$vKey1]] [note: destructuring assignment] Python: oList[vKey1], oList[vKey2] = oList[vKey2], oList[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] R: ___ Ruby: oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2] = oArray[vKey2], oArray[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] Rust: oArray.swap(vKey1, vKey2) [also: oVec.swap(vKey1, vKey2)] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray = oArray.updated(vKey1, oArray(vKey2)).updated(vKey2, oArray(vKey1))] Swift: oArray.swapAt(vKey1, vKey2) [also (destructuring assignment): (oArray[vKey1], oArray[vKey2]) = (oArray[vKey2], oArray[vKey1])] [note: swap() fails with 'overlapping accesses' error: swap(&oArray[vKey1], &oArray[vKey2])] UFL: (Array.Swapped) [note: doesn't modify the array (creates a new array)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.updated(vKey1, oArray(vKey2)).updated(vKey2, oArray(vKey1))] Swift: ___ UFL: Array.Push [append one value] AutoHotkey: oArray.Push(vValue) C++: oVec.push_back(vValue) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Append(vValue).ToArray() [requires (Append/Concat): using System.Linq] [also: var oArray = oArray.Concat(new[]{vValue}).ToArray()] [also: Array.Resize(ref oArray, oArray.Length+1); oArray[oArray.GetUpperBound(0)] = vValue;] [also: var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.Add(vValue); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray.push(vValue) [also: oArray << vValue] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ReDim Preserve oArray(UBound(oArray) + 1) [afterwards: oArray(UBound(oArray)) = vValue] Go: oSlice = append(oSlice, vValue) Java: oList.add(vValue) JavaScript: oArray.push(vValue) Kotlin: oArray.add(vValue) PHP: array_push($oArray, $vValue) [note: it finds the maximum (non-negative) integer key n, and creates key n+1, else creates key 0] Python: oList.append(vValue) R: oVec = c(oVec, vValue) Ruby: oArray.push(vValue) [also: oArray << vValue] Rust: oVec.push(vValue) Scala: oArray :+= vValue [also: oArrayNew = oArray :+ vValue] [note (both): also works with lists] Swift: oArray.append(vValue) UFL: Array.PushMult [or Array.PushArray][append multiple values][append suffix values][modify an array by appending (the values of) another array to it (concatenate arrays)] AutoHotkey: oArray.Push(oArraySfx*) C++: oVec.insert(oVec.end(), oVecSfx.begin(), oVecSfx.end()) [can use (to create a new array): auto* oArrayNew = new std::string[vSize+vSizeSfx]] [can use (to copy elements): std::copy()] C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Concat(oArraySfx).ToArray() [requires (Concat): using System.Linq] [also: var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.AddRange(oArraySfx); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] [also: CopyTo()] [also: Resize() and Copy()] Crystal: oArray.concat(oArraySfx) [also: oArray += oArraySfx] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = append(oSlice, oSliceSfx...) Java: oList.addAll(oListSfx) [also (concatenate via arraycopy): System.arraycopy(oArraySfx, 0, oArrayNew, oArray.length, oArraySfx.length)] [beforehand (concatenate via arraycopy): var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOf(oArray, oArray.length+oArraySfx.length)] [also (concatenate via streams): String[] oArrayNew = Stream.concat(Arrays.stream(oArray), Arrays.stream(oArraySfx)).toArray(String[]::new)] [requires (concatenate via streams): import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: oArray.push(...oArraySfx) Kotlin: oArray += oArraySfx PHP: array_push($oArray, ...$oArraySfx) [also: $oArrayNew = array_merge($oArray, $oArraySfx)] Python: oList.extend(oListSfx) R: oVec = c(oVec, oVecSfx) Ruby: oArray.push(*oArraySfx) [also: oArray.concat(oArraySfx)] [also: oArray += oArraySfx] Rust: oVec.append(&mut oVecSfx.clone()) [also: oVec.extend(oVecSfx.clone())] [also: oVec.extend(oArraySfx)] Scala: oArray ++= oArraySfx [also: oArrayNew = oArray ++ oArraySfx] [note (both): also works with lists] [note: concat (++= and ++), and appendedAll (:++= and :++)] Swift: oArray.append(contentsOf:oArraySfx) [also: oArray += oArraySfx] UFL: Array.InsertAt [insert one item (and shift item(s) right)] AutoHotkey: oArray.InsertAt(vKey, vValue) C++: oVec.insert(oVec.begin()+vKey, vValue) C#: oList.Insert(vKey, vValue) [e.g. var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.Insert(vKey, vValue); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray.insert(vKey, vValue) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Insert(oSlice, vKey, vValue) Java: oList.add(vKey, vValue) JavaScript: oArray.splice(vKey, 0, vValue) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and add] PHP: array_splice($oArray, $vKey, 0, [$vValue]) Python: oList.insert(vKey, vValue) R: oVec = append(oVec, vValue, after=vKey-1) [note: 1-based] Ruby: oArray.insert(vKey, vValue) Rust: oVec.insert(vKey, vValue) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.patch(vKey, Array(vValue), 0) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.insert(vValue, at:vKey) UFL: Array.InsertAtMult [insert item(s) (and shift item(s) right)][insert infix values][see also: Array.Splice] AutoHotkey: oArray.InsertAt(vKey, oArrayIfx*) C++: oVec.insert(oVec.begin()+vKey, oVecIfx.begin(), oVecIfx.end()) C#: oList.InsertRange(vKey, oArrayIfx) [e.g. var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.InsertRange(vKey, oArrayIfx); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray[vKey...vKey] = oArrayIfx [also: oArray = oArray[0...vKey] + oArrayIfx + oArray[vKey..]] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Insert(oSlice, vKey, oSliceIfx...) Java: oList.addAll(vKey, oListIfx) JavaScript: oArray.splice(vKey, 0, ...oArrayIfx) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and add] PHP: array_splice($oArray, $vKey, 0, $oArrayIfx) Python: oList[vKey:vKey] = oListIfx [note: slice assignment] R: oVec = append(oVec, oVecIfx, after=vKey-1) [note: 1-based] Ruby: oArray.insert(vKey, *oArrayIfx) Rust: oVec.splice(vKey..vKey, oVecIfx.iter().cloned()) [also: oVec.splice(vKey..vKey, oArrayIfx.iter().cloned())] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.patch(vKey, oArrayIfx, 0) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.insert(contentsOf:oArrayIfx, at:vKey) UFL: (Array.Prepend) [or Array.InsertAtStart][insert one item at start (and shift item(s) right)] AutoHotkey: oArray.InsertAt(1, vValue) C++: oVec.insert(oVec.begin(), vValue) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Prepend(vValue).ToArray() [requires (Prepend/Concat): using System.Linq] [also: var oArrayNew = new[]{vValue}.Concat(oArray).ToArray()] [also: var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.Insert(0, vValue); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray.unshift(vValue) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Insert(oSlice, 0, vValue) Java: oList.add(0, vValue) JavaScript: oArray.unshift(vValue) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and add] PHP: array_unshift($oArray, $vValue) Python: oList.insert(0, vValue) R: oVec = c(vValue, oVec) Ruby: oArray.unshift(vValue) Rust: oVec.insert(0, vValue) Scala: oArray +:= vValue [also: oArrayNew = vValue +: oArray] [note (both): also works with lists] Swift: oArray.insert(vValue, at:0) UFL: (Array.PrependMult) [or Array.InsertAtStartMult][insert item(s) at start (and shift item(s) right)][prepend prefix values] AutoHotkey: oArray.InsertAt(1, oArrayPfx*) C++: oVec.insert(oVec.begin(), oVecPfx.begin(), oVecPfx.end()) C#: var oArrayNew = oArrayPfx.Concat(oArray).ToArray() [requires (Concat): using System.Linq] [also: var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.InsertRange(0, oArrayPfx); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray[0...0] = oArrayPfx [also: oArray = oArrayPfx + oArray] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Insert(oSlice, 0, oSlicePfx...) Java: oList.addAll(0, oListPfx) JavaScript: oArray.unshift(...oArrayPfx) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and add] PHP: array_unshift($oArray, ...$oArrayPfx) Python: oList[:0] = oListPfx [note: slice assignment] R: oVec = c(oVecPfx, oVec) Ruby: oArray.insert(0, *oArrayPfx) Rust: oVec.splice(0..0, oVecPfx.iter().cloned()) [also: oVec.splice(0..0, oArrayPfx.iter().cloned())] Scala: oArray ++:= oArrayPfx [also: oArrayNew = oArrayPfx ++: oArray] [note (both): also works with lists] Swift: oArray.insert(contentsOf:oArrayPfx, at:0) UFL: Array.Pop [or Array.RemoveLast][remove last value (and typically simultaneously retrieve the last value)][see also: Array.Last] AutoHotkey: vValue := oArray.Pop() C++: oVec.pop_back() [beforehand: vValue = oVec.back()] C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.SkipLast(1).ToArray() [beforehand: vValue = oArray.Last()] [also (beforehand): vValue = oArray[oArray.Length-1]] [requires (SkipLast/Last): using System.Linq] Crystal: vValue = oArray.pop Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ReDim Preserve oArray(UBound(oArray) - 1) [beforehand: vValue = oArray(UBound(oArray))] Go: oSlice = oSlice[:len(oSlice)-1] [beforehand: vValue := oSlice[len(oSlice)-1]] Java: oList.remove(oList.size()-1) [beforehand: vValue = oList.get(oList.size()-1)] [also: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, 0, oArray.length-1)] JavaScript: vValue = oArray.pop() Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.dropLast(1).toTypedArray() [beforehand: var vValue = oArray.last()] [also (beforehand): var vValue = oArray[oArray.size-1]] PHP: $vValue = array_pop($oArray) [WARNING: removes the last key to be added (not necessarily an integer key, not necessarily the largest integer key)] [can use (to get the key name): array_key_last($oArray)] Python: vValue = oList.pop() R: oVecNew = head(oVec, -1) [beforehand: vValue = tail(oVec, 1)] Ruby: vValue = oArray.pop Rust: vValue = oVec.pop().unwrap() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.dropRight(1) [note: also works with lists] Swift: vValue = oArray.removeLast() [also: vValue = oArray.popLast()!] [also: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.dropLast())] UFL: Array.PopMult [or Array.RemoveLastMult][remove multiple values] AutoHotkey: oArray.RemoveAt(-vCount, vCount) C++: oVec.resize(oVec.size()-vCount > 0 ? oVec.size()-vCount : 0) C#: oArrayNew = oArray.SkipLast(vCount).ToArray() [requires (SkipLast): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.pop(vCount) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ReDim Preserve oArray(UBound(oArray) - vCount) Go: oSlice = oSlice[:len(oSlice)-vCount] Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, 0, oArray.length-vCount) [WARNING: ArrayList.removeRange() has protected access] JavaScript: oArray.splice(-vCount) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.dropLast(vCount).toTypedArray() PHP: array_splice($oArray, -$vCount) Python: oListNew = oList[:-3] R: oVecNew = head(oVec, -vCount) Ruby: oArray.pop(vCount) Rust: oVec.truncate(oVec.len()-vCount) [also: oVec.drain(oVec.len()-vCount..)] [note: can use saturating_sub to subtract and clamp (to get numbers within bounds)] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.dropRight(vCount) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.removeLast(vCount) [also: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.dropLast(vCount))] UFL: Array.RemoveAt [remove one item (and shift item(s) left)] AutoHotkey: oArray.RemoveAt(vKey) C++: oVec.erase(oVec.begin()+vKey) C#: oList.RemoveAt(vKey) [e.g. var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.RemoveAt(vKey); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray.delete_at(vKey) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Delete(oSlice, vKey, vKey+1) Java: oList.remove(vKey) JavaScript: oArray.splice(vKey, 1) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and removeAt/subList] PHP: array_splice($oArray, $vKey, 1) Python: oList.pop(vKey) [WARNING: called 'pop' but can remove from any location] R: oVecNew = oVec[-vKey] Ruby: oArray.delete_at(vKey) Rust: oVec.remove(vKey) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.patch(vKey, oArray.take(0), 1) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.remove(at:vKey) UFL: Array.RemoveAtMult [remove item(s) (and shift item(s) left)][see also: Array.Splice] AutoHotkey: oArray.RemoveAt(vKey, vCount) C++: oVec.erase(oVec.begin()+vKey, oVec.begin()+vKey+vCount) C#: oList.RemoveRange(vKey, vCount) [e.g. var oList = oArray.ToList(); oList.RemoveRange(vKey, vCount); var oArrayNew = oList.ToArray();] Crystal: oArray[vKey...vKey+vCount] = oArray[0...0] [also: oArray[vKey...vKey+vCount] = [] of Int32] [also: oArray = oArray.reject!(vIndex...vIndex+vCount)] [also: oArray = oArray.each_with_index.reject{|v,k|(vIndex...vIndex+vCount).includes?(k)}.map{|v|v[0]}.to_a] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Delete(oSlice, vKey, vKey+vCount) Java: ___ [WARNING: ArrayList.removeRange() has protected access] JavaScript: oArray.splice(vKey, vCount) Kotlin: ___ [can use: copyOfRange and +, sliceArray and +, toMutableList and removeAt/subList] PHP: array_splice($oArray, $vKey, $vCount) Python: del oList[vKey:vKey+vCount] R: oVecNew = oVec[-(vKey:(vKey+vCount-1))] Ruby: oArray[vKey...vKey+vCount] = [] [also: oArray = oArray.reject.with_index{|v,k|(vIndex...vIndex+vCount).include?k}] Rust: oVec.drain(vKey..vKey+vCount) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.patch(vKey, oArray.take(0), vCountDel) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.removeSubrange(vKey..<vKey+vCount) UFL: (Array.RemoveFirst) [remove first item/element] AutoHotkey: oArray.RemoveAt(1) C++: oVec.erase(oVec.begin()) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Skip(1).ToArray() [requires (Skip): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.shift Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Delete(oSlice, 0, 1) Java: oList.remove(0) [also: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, 1, oArray.length)] JavaScript: oArray.shift() Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.drop(1).toTypedArray() [can use: oList = oArray.toMutableList(), oList.removeFirst(), oArrayNew = oList.toTypedArray()] [can use (instead of removeFirst()): oList.removeAt(0)] PHP: array_shift($oArray) [note: get name of first key: array_key_first($oArray)] Python: oList.pop(0) [WARNING: called 'pop' but can remove from any location] [also: del oList[:1]] R: oVecNew = tail(oVec, -1) Ruby: oArray.shift Rust: oVec.remove(0) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.drop(1) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.tail] [note (both): also works with lists] Swift: oArray.removeFirst() [also: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.dropFirst())] UFL: (Array.RemoveFirstMult) [remove the first n elements] AutoHotkey: oArray.RemoveAt(1, vCount) C++: oVec.erase(oVec.begin(), oVec.begin()+vCount) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Skip(vCount).ToArray() [requires (Skip): using System.Linq] Crystal: oArray.shift(vCount) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Delete(oSlice, 0, vCount) Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, vCount, oArray.length) [WARNING: ArrayList.removeRange() has protected access] JavaScript: oArray.splice(0, vCount) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.drop(vCount).toTypedArray() PHP: array_splice($oArray, 0, $vCount) Python: del oList[:vCount] R: oVecNew = tail(oVec, -vCount) Ruby: oArray.shift(vCount) Rust: oVec.drain(0..vCount) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.drop(vCount) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.removeFirst(vCount) [also: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.dropFirst(vCount))] UFL: Array.Splice [or Array.RemoveAndInsert][remove n elements (and shift elements left), and insert 0 or more elements][insert infix values][see also: Array.RemoveAtMult/Array.InsertAtMult] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: oArray[vKey...vKey+vCountDel] = oArrayIfx Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice = slices.Replace(oSlice, vKey, vKey+vCountDel, oSliceIfx...) Java: ___ JavaScript: oArray.splice(vKey, vCountDel, ...oArrayIfx) Kotlin: ___ PHP: array_splice($oArray, $vKey, $vCountDel, $oArrayIfx) Python: oList[vKey:vKey+vCountDel] = oListIfx [note: slice assignment] R: ___ [can use: oVec = append(oVec[-(vKey:(vKey+vCountDel-1))], oVecIfx, after=vKey-1)] Ruby: oArray[vKey...vKey+vCountDel] = oArrayIfx Rust: oVec.splice(vKey..vKey+vCountDel, oVecIfx) Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.patch(vKey, oArrayIfx, vCountDel) Swift: oArray.replaceSubrange(vKey..<vKey+vCountDel, with:oArrayIfx) UFL: Array.Delete [delete a key, but maintain the positions of other keys] AutoHotkey: oArray.Delete(vKey) C++: ___ C#: oArray[vKey] = null Crystal: oArray[vKey] = nil Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArray(vKey) = Empty Go: ___ Java: oArray[vKey] = null JavaScript: delete oArray[vKey] [note: sets the key to empty (elided)] [also: oArray[vKey] = undefined] Kotlin: oArray[vKey] = null PHP: $oArray[$vKey] = null [also: unset($oArray[$vKey])] Python: oList[vKey] = None R: oArray[vKey] = NA [note: can't do: oArray[vKey] = NULL] Ruby: oArray[vKey] = nil Rust: oArray[vKey] = None [also: oVec[vKey] = None] [note: for arrays/vectors of options] Scala: oArray(vKey) = null Swift: oArray[vKey] = nil UFL: Array.Clear [or Array.DeleteAll/Array.Empty] AutoHotkey: oArray.Length := 0 C++: ___ [can use (for array on the heap): oArray = new int[0]] [also: oVec.clear()] [also: oVec = {}] [WARNING: oVec.empty() returns whether the vector is empty or not] C#: Array.Resize(ref oArray, 0) Crystal: oArray.clear Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ReDim oArray(0) Go: oSlice = nil [also (with different side effects): oSlice = oSlice[:0]] [note: both return a slice with 0 elements] Java: oArray = new int[]{} JavaScript: oArray.length = 0 Kotlin: oArray.clear() PHP: $oArray = [] [also: array_splice($oArray, 0, count($oArray))] [note: appears to work even if the array has no '0' key] Python: oList.clear() R: oVec = head(oVec, 0) Ruby: oArray.clear Rust: oVec.clear() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.take(0) Swift: oArray.removeAll() UFL: Array.Clone [or Array.Copy][copy the entire array] AutoHotkey: oArrayNew := oArray.Clone() C++: std::copy(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), std::begin(oArrayNew)) [also: std::copy(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oArrayNew)] [also: auto oVecNew = oVec] [also: std::vector<int> oVecNew(oVec)] [also: std::copy(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew))] [note: 'oArrayNew = oArray' causes an error] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Clone() as string[] [also: oArrayNew = (string[])oArray.Clone()] [note: replace 'string[]' with the appropriate type] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.clone [also: oArrayNew = oArray.dup] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oArrayNew = oArray [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] [i.e. in many languages, this syntax would result in 2 variables pointing to the same object] Go: oArrayNew := oArray [MAJOR WARNING: for arrays: 'a2 := a' clones, for slices: 's2 := s' creates a reference] [WARNING: this (oArrayNew := oArray) copies (clones) the object, not a reference] [also (clones the object): oSliceNew := slices.Clone(oSlice)] [also (creates a reference): oSliceNew := oSlice] Java: oArrayNew = oArray.clone() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.slice() Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.copyOf() PHP: $oArrayNew = $oArray [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Python: oListNew = oList.copy() R: oVecNew = oVec [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.clone [also: oArrayNew = oArray.dup] Rust: oVecNew = oVec.clone() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.clone Swift: oArrayNew = oArray [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{$0}] UFL: Array.SliceTo [create a copy of keys a (inclusive) to b (inclusive)][inclusive end: less common, but more intuitive (than exclusive end)][WARNING: array 'slices' are often references to keys, rather than copies of keys (i.e. often modifying the slice, modifies the original)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oVecNew = std::vector<std::string>(oVec.begin()+vKey1, oVec.begin()+vKey2+1) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1..(vKey2+1)] [also: var oArrayNew = oArray.ToList().Take(vKey1..(vKey2+1)).ToArray()] [WARNING: in C#, '..' is end exclusive] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1..vKey2] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSliceNew = oArray[vKey1 : vKey2+1] Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, vKey1, vKey2+1) [WARNING: appends default values if endpoint goes beyond array] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1, vKey2+1) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1..vKey2).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_slice($oArray, $vKey1, $vKey2-$vKey1+1) Python: oListNew = oList[vKey1:vKey2+1] R: oVecNew = oVec[vKey1:vKey2] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1..vKey2] Rust: oVecNew: Vec<_> = oArray[vKey1..=vKey2].iter().collect() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1, vKey2+1) Swift: oArrayNew = Array(oArray[vKey1...vKey2]) UFL: Array.SliceUntil [create a copy of keys a (inclusive) to b (exclusive)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oVecNew = std::vector<std::string>(oVec.begin()+vKey1, oVec.begin()+vKey2) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1..vKey2] [also: var oArrayNew = oArray.ToList().Take(vKey1..vKey2).ToArray()] [WARNING: in C#, '..' is end exclusive] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1...vKey2] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSliceNew = oArray[vKey1 : vKey2] Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, vKey1, vKey2) [WARNING: appends default values if endpoint goes beyond array] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1, vKey2) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1..<vKey2).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_slice($oArray, $vKey1, $vKey2-$vKey1) Python: oListNew = oList[vKey1:vKey2] R: oVecNew = oVec[vKey1:(vKey2-1)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray[vKey1...vKey2] Rust: oVecNew: Vec<_> = oArray[vKey1..vKey2].iter().collect() [note: also works with vectors] [WARNING: in Rust, '..' is end exclusive] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(vKey1, vKey2) Swift: oArrayNew = Array(oArray[vKey1..<vKey2]) UFL: Array.SliceFirst [create a copy of first n keys][see also: Array.First] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oVecNew = std::vector<std::string>(oVec.begin(), oVec.begin()+vCount) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray[..vCount] [also: var oArrayNew = oArray.Take(vCount).ToArray()] [WARNING: in C#, '..' is end exclusive] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray[...vCount] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSliceNew = oArray[:vCount] Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, 0, Math.min(vCount, oArray.length)) JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(0, vCount) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.take(vCount).toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(0..<vCount).toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_slice($oArray, 0, $vCount) Python: oListNew = oList[:vCount] R: oVecNew = head(oVec, vCount) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray[...vCount] Rust: oVecNew: Vec<_> = oArray[0..vCount].iter().collect() [note: also works with vectors] [WARNING: in Rust, '..' is end exclusive] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.take(vCount) Swift: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.prefix(vCount)) UFL: Array.SliceLast [create a copy of last n keys][see also: Array.Last] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oVecNew = std::vector<std::string>(oVec.end()-vCount, oVec.end()) C#: var oArrayNew = oArray[Math.Max(oArray.Length-vCount, 0)..] [also: var oArrayNew = oArray.TakeLast(vCount).ToArray()] [WARNING: in C#, '..' is end exclusive] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray[-vCount..] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSliceNew = oArray[len(oArray)-vCount:] Java: var oArrayNew = Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, Math.max(oArray.length-vCount, 0), oArray.length) JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.slice(-vCount) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.takeLast(vCount).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_slice($oArray, -$vCount) Python: oListNew = oList[-vCount:] R: oVecNew = tail(oVec, vCount) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray[-vCount..] Rust: oVecNew: Vec<_> = oArray[oArray.len()-vCount..].iter().collect() [note: also works with vectors] [WARNING: in Rust, '..' is end exclusive] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.takeRight(vCount) Swift: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.suffix(vCount)) UFL: Array.First [get the value of the first key][see also: Array.SliceFirst] AutoHotkey: vValue := oArray[1] [note: 1-based] C++: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oVec[0]] C#: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oArray.First()] [requires (First): using System.Linq] Crystal: vValue = oArray[0] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vValue = oArray(0) Go: vValue := oArray[0] Java: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oList.get(0)] JavaScript: vValue = oArray[0] Kotlin: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oArray.first()] PHP: $vValue = $oArray[0] Python: vValue = oList[0] R: vValue = oVec[1] [also: vValue = head(oVec, 1)] [note: 1-based] Ruby: vValue = oArray[0] Rust: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oArray.first().unwrap()] [note (both): also works with vectors] Scala: vValue = oArray.head [note: oArray.tail returns everything except the first element as an array] Swift: vValue = oArray[0] [also: vValue = oArray.first!] UFL: Array.Last [get the value of the last key][see also: Array.Length/Array.Pop/Array.SliceLast] AutoHotkey: vValue := oArray[-1] [also: vValue := oArray[oArray.Length]] [also (AHK v1): vValue := oArray[oArray.Length()]] [note: 1-based] C++: vValue = oArray[sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0])-1] [also: vValue = oVec.back()] C#: vValue = oArray[oArray.Length-1] [also: vValue = oArray.Last()] [also: vValue = oArray.TakeLast(1).Last()] [also: vValue = oArray.TakeLast(1).ToArray()[0]] [requires (Last): using System.Linq] Crystal: vValue = oArray[-1] [also: vValue = oArray[oArray.size-1]] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vValue = oArray(UBound(oArray)) Go: vValue := oArray[len(oArray)-1] Java: vValue = oArray[oArray.length-1] [also: vValue = oList.get(oList.size()-1)] JavaScript: vValue = oArray.at(-1) [also: vValue = oArray[oArray.length-1]] [also: vValue = oArray.slice(-1)[0]] Kotlin: vValue = oArray.last() [also: vValue = oArray[oArray.size-1]] [also: vValue = oArray.takeLast(1)[0]] PHP: $vValue = $oArray[count($oArray)-1] [also: $vValue = array_slice($oArray, -1)[0]] Python: vValue = oList[-1] [also: vValue = oList[len(oList)-1]] R: vValue = tail(oVec, 1) [also: vValue = oVec[length(oVec)]] [note: 1-based] Ruby: vValue = oArray[-1] [also: vValue = oArray[oArray.length-1]] Rust: vValue = oArray[oArray.len()-1] [also: vValue = oArray.last().unwrap()] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vValue = oArray.last [note: oArray.tail returns everything except the first element as an array] Swift: vValue = oArray.last! [also: vValue = oArray[oArray.count-1]] UFL: Array.ToString [see also: Array.Join/String/Array.Print] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: String.Join(vSep, oArray)] Crystal: oArray.to_s Excel: ___ [can use: TEXTJOIN()] Excel VBA: ___ [can use: Join(oArray, vSep)] Go: fmt.Sprintf("%v", oArray) Java: java.util.Arrays.toString(oArray) [also (for string arrays): String.join(vSep, oArray)] [WARNING (only prints a type name): oArray.toString()] JavaScript: String(oArray) [also: oArray.toString()] Kotlin: oArray.toList().toString() [also (uses ', ' separator): oArray.joinToString()] [WARNING (only prints a type name): oArray.toString()] PHP: ___ [can use: implode($vSep, $oArray)] [also (alias): join($vSep, $oArray)] [also: var_export($oArray, true)] [also: print_r($oArray, true)] Python: str(oList) R: toString(oVec) [also: capture.output(print(oVec))] Ruby: oArray.to_s Rust: format!("{:?}", oArray) [can use: oArray.join(vSep)] [also: format!("{:#?}", oArray)] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray.mkString(vSep)] [also: String.join(vSep, oArray)] [also: oArray.toList.toString] [WARNING (only prints a type name): oArray.toString] Swift: String(describing:oArray) [also: oArray.description] [also: String(reflecting:oArray)] [also (for string arrays): oArray.joined(separator:vSep)] UFL: Array.Concat [join array strings with no separator] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use (string array): std::string vText = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), std::string(""))] [also (string vector): std::string vText = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::string(""))] [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] C#: String.Concat(oArray) Crystal: oArray.join Excel: ___ [can use: TEXTJOIN("",, vText1, vText2, vText3)] [note: TEXTJOIN (Excel 2016)] Excel VBA: Join(oArray, "") Go: strings.Join(oArray, "") [note: for string arrays only] Java: String.join("", oArray) [note: for string arrays only] [also (String[]): vText = Arrays.stream(oArray).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining())] [also (int[]): vText = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining())] JavaScript: oArray.join("") Kotlin: oArray.joinToString("") PHP: implode("", $oArray) [also (alias): join("", $oArray)] [also: implode($oArray)] Python: "".join(oList) [WARNING: can't do: oList.join("")] [note: for string lists only] [also (for any list): "".join(map(str, oList))] R: paste(oVec, collapse="") Ruby: oArray.join Rust: oArray.concat() [also: oVec.concat()] [note (both): for string arrays only] [also (any array): oArray.map(|v| format!("{}", v)).concat())] [also (any vector): oVec.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().concat())] Scala: oArray.mkString("") [also: String.join("", oArray)] Swift: oArray.joined() [note: for string arrays only] [also (any array): oArray.map{String($0)}.joined()] UFL: Array.Join [see also: Array.ToString][join array strings with a separator] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use (string array): std::string vText = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), std::string(""), [&vSep](std::string a,std::string v){return a+v+vSep;})] [also (string vector): std::string vText = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::string(""), [&vSep](std::string a,std::string v){return a+v+vSep;})] [WARNING (both): adds a trailing separator] [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] [note: can replace '[&vSep]' with '[vSep]'] C#: String.Join(vSep, oArray) Crystal: oArray.join(vSep) [note: no separator if omitted] Excel: ___ [can use: TEXTJOIN(vSep,, vText1, vText2, vText3)] [note: TEXTJOIN (Excel 2016)] Excel VBA: Join(oArray, vSep) [note: separator is space if omitted] Go: strings.Join(oArray, vSep) [note: for string arrays only] [also (for any array): fmt.Sprintf("%v", oArray)] [note (Join): can't omit separator] Java: String.join(vSep, oArray) [note: for string arrays only] [also (for any array): java.util.Arrays.toString(oArray)] [also (String[]): vText = Arrays.stream(oArray).map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(vSep))] [also (int[]): vText = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.joining(vSep))] JavaScript: oArray.join(vSep) [note: separator is comma if omitted] Kotlin: oArray.joinToString(vSep) [note: separator is ', ' if omitted] PHP: implode($vSep, $oArray) [also (alias): join($vSep, $oArray)] [also (no separator): implode($oArray)] [deprecated: implode($oArray, $vSep)] Python: vSep.join(oList) [WARNING: can't do: oList.join(vSep)] [note: for string lists only] [also (for any list): vSep.join(map(str, oList))] R: paste(oVec, collapse=vSep) [note: if 'collapse' omitted, double-space separated, and quotes used if strings] Ruby: oArray.join(vSep) [note: no separator if omitted] Rust: oArray.join(vSep) [also: oVec.join(vSep)] [note (both): for string arrays only] [also (any array): oArray.map(|v| format!("{}", v)).join(vSep))] [also (any vector): oVec.iter().map(|v| format!("{}", v)).collect::<Vec<_>>().join(vSep))] [note: can't omit separator] Scala: oArray.mkString(vSep) Swift: oArray.joined(separator:vSep) [note: for string arrays only] [also (for any array): oArray.description] [also (any array): oArray.map{String($0)}.joined(separator:",")] [note (joined): no separator if omitted] UFL: Array.Sort [or Array.SortDefault/Array.SortCasSen][note: modifies the array][see also: StrAlphabetize] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [WARNING (Sort): default sort is alphabetical, to sort numerically: use mode 'N' e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " N")] [WARNING: case-insensitive by default (to sort case-sensitively: use mode 'C')] C++: std::sort(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: std::sort(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] C#: Array.Sort(oArray) Crystal: oArray.sort! Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: slices.Sort(oSlice) [also: slices.SortFunc/slices.SortStableFunc] [also: slices.IsSorted] Java: Arrays.sort(oArray) [note: e.g. works on int[] and String[]] [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArray.sort() [WARNING: default sort is alphabetical, to sort numerically: e.g. oArray.sort((v1,v2)=>v1-v2)] Kotlin: oArray.sort() [also: oArray.sortWith(oFunc)] PHP: sort($oArray) [also: usort($oArray, $oFunc)] [WARNING: default sort (SORT_REGULAR): sorts strings alphabetically (compares 2 strings numerically if at least 1 is numeric-looking, a 'numeric string'), sorts ints numerically] [note: to sort alphabetically: e.g. sort($oArray, SORT_STRING)] [note: to sort numerically: e.g. sort($oArray, SORT_NUMERIC)] Python: oList.sort() [WARNING: default sort: sorts strings alphabetically, sorts ints numerically (no special handling for numeric-looking strings), throws if try to compare int with str] [note: to sort strings numerically: e.g. oList.sort(key=int)] R: ___ [can use: oVec = sort(oVec)] [note (case-sensitive): oVec = sort(oVec, method="radix")] [note (case-sensitive): 'radix' sorts by Unicode codepoint] [WARNING (case-insensitive): omit 'method'] [also: case-sensitive sort and omit 'method', can use e.g. Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", "C")] Ruby: oArray.sort! Rust: oArray.sort() [also: oVec.sort()] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray = oArray.sorted] Swift: oArray.sort() UFL: Array.SortCasIns [note: modifies the array][see also: StrAlphabetizeCasIns] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [WARNING (Sort): default sort is alphabetical, to sort numerically: use 'N' mode e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " N")] [WARNING: case-insensitive by default] C++: ___ C#: Array.Sort(oArray, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase) Crystal: ___ [can use: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.downcase <=> v2.downcase}] [also (case-insensitive): oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_s.compare(v2.to_s, true)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.sort(oArray, String::compareToIgnoreCase) [also: Collections.sort(oList, String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER)] [requires (Arrays): import java.util.*] JavaScript: ___ [can use: oArray.sort((v1,v2) => v1.localeCompare(v2, undefined, {sensitivity: "accent"}))] [also: oArray.sort(new Intl.Collator('en').compare)] [note: 'accent' considers 'E'/'e' identical, 'case' considers 'e'/'é' identical, 'base' considers all 3 identical, 'variant' considers none identical] Kotlin: oArray.sortWith(compareBy(String.CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER, {it})) [also: oArray.sortBy{it.toLowerCase()}] PHP: usort($oArray, "strcasecmp") [also: sort($oArray, SORT_FLAG_CASE | SORT_STRING)] [also (results depend on the current locale): sort($oArray, SORT_LOCALE_STRING)] [e.g. set locale: setlocale(LC_COLLATE, $vLocale)] [e.g. locales: 'C', 'en_US'] Python: ___ R: ___ [can use: oVec = oVec[order(tolower(oVec))]] [WARNING (sort: for many locales, e.g. 'en_US.UTF-8', this effectively sorts case-sensitive (putting lower case before upper case), then case-insensitive): oVec = sort(oVec)] [also: vLocale = Sys.getlocale("LC_COLLATE")] [also: Sys.setlocale("LC_COLLATE", vLocale)] Ruby: oArray.sort!(&:casecmp) Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.sortWith(_.toLowerCase < _.toLowerCase)] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.sort{$0.caseInsensitiveCompare($1) == .orderedAscending} [also: oArray.sort{$0.localizedCompare($1) == .orderedAscending}] [requires (both): import Foundation] UFL: Array.SortNatural [or Array.SortLogical][natural sort order][e.g. ["a1","a11","A2","a22"] to ["a1","A2","a11","a22"]] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [note: to sort logically: use mode 'CLogical' e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " CLogical")] [note: uses the Winapi's StrCmpLogicalW internally] [note: case-insensitive] C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oArray.sort(new Intl.Collator(undefined, {numeric:true, sensitivity:"base"}).compare) [note: case-insensitive] Kotlin: ___ PHP: natsort($oArray) [WARNING: case-sensitive] Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: oArray.sort{(v1,v2) in v1.localizedStandardCompare(v2) == .orderedAscending} [requires: import Foundation] [note: case-insensitive] UFL: Array.SortStrAsInt [e.g. ["1","11","111","2","22","222"] to ["1","2","11","22","111","222"]] [e.g. treat non-numbers as 0] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [note: to sort numerically: use mode 'N' e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " N")] C++: ___ C#: Array.Sort(oArray, (v1,v2)=>Int32.Parse(v1).CompareTo(Int32.Parse(v2))) Crystal: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_i <=> v2.to_i} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.sort(oArray, (v1,v2)->Integer.compare(Integer.parseInt(v1),Integer.parseInt(v2))) [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArray.sort((v1,v2)=>parseInt(v1)-parseInt(v2)) [also: oArray.sort((v1,v2)=>v1-v2)] Kotlin: oArray.sortWith{v1,v2->compareValues(v1.toInt(),v2.toInt())} PHP: usort($oArray, fn($v1,$v2)=>intval($v1)<=>intval($v2)) [also: sort($oArray, SORT_NUMERIC)] Python: oList.sort(key=int) R: ___ [can use: oVec = oVec[order(as.integer(oVec))]] Ruby: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_i <=> v2.to_i} Rust: oArray.sort_by(|v1,v2| v1.parse::<i32>().unwrap().cmp(&v2.parse::<i32>().unwrap())) [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.sortWith(_.toInt < _.toInt)] Swift: oArray.sort{Int($0)! <= Int($1)!} UFL: Array.SortStrAsFloat [or Array.SortStrAsNum] [e.g. ["1","11","111","2","22","222"] to ["1","2","11","22","111","222"]] [e.g. treat non-numbers as 0] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [note: to sort numerically: use mode 'N' e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " N")] C++: ___ C#: Array.Sort(oArray, (v1,v2)=>Double.Parse(v1).CompareTo(Double.Parse(v2))) Crystal: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_f <=> v2.to_f} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Arrays.sort(oArray, (v1,v2)->Double.compare(Double.parseDouble(v1),Double.parseDouble(v2))) [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArray.sort((v1,v2)=>v1-v2) [also: oArray.sort((v1,v2)=>parseFloat(v1)-parseFloat(v2))] Kotlin: oArray.sortWith{v1,v2->compareValues(v1.toDouble(),v2.toDouble())} PHP: sort($oArray, SORT_NUMERIC) [also: usort($oArray, fn($v1,$v2)=>floatval($v1)<=>floatval($v2))] Python: oList.sort(key=float) R: ___ [can use: oVec = oVec[order(as.numeric(oVec))]] Ruby: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_f <=> v2.to_f} Rust: oArray.sort_by(|v1,v2| v1.parse::<f64>().unwrap().partial_cmp(&v2.parse::<f64>().unwrap()).unwrap()) [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.sortWith(_.toDouble < _.toDouble)] Swift: oArray.sort{Double($0)! <= Double($1)!} UFL: Array.SortNumAsStr [e.g. [1,2,11,22,111,222] to [1,11,111,2,22,222]] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: Sort can sort a string by a delimiter char] [note: to sort numerically: use mode 'N' e.g. vText := Sort(vText, "D" vSep " N")] C++: ___ C#: Array.Sort(oArray, (v1,v2)=>v1.ToString().CompareTo(v2.ToString())) Crystal: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_s <=> v2.to_s} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: slices.SortFunc(oSlice, func(v1, v2 int) int { return cmp.Compare(fmt.Sprintf("%v", v1), fmt.Sprintf("%v", v2)) }) [also: slices.SortStableFunc()] Java: oArray = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().sorted((v1,v2)->String.valueOf(v1).compareTo(String.valueOf(v2))).mapToInt(v->v).toArray() [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArray.sort() [WARNING: default sort is alphabetical] Kotlin: oArray.sortWith{v1,v2->compareValues(v1.toString(),v2.toString())} PHP: sort($oArray, SORT_STRING) [also: usort($oArray, fn($v1,$v2)=>substr_compare($v1, $v2, 0, null, true))] Python: oList.sort(key=str) R: ___ [can use: oVec = oVec[order(as.character(oVec))]] Ruby: oArray.sort!{|v1,v2| v1.to_s <=> v2.to_s} Rust: oArray.sort_by(|v1,v2| v1.to_string().cmp(&v2.to_string())) [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.sortWith(_.toString < _.toString) Swift: oArray.sort{String($0) <= String($1)} UFL: Array.Sorted [note: doesn't modify the array (creates a new array)][note: methods ending 'ed' often return a new array, whereas other methods often modify an array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.sort Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. String[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().toArray(String[]::new)] [e.g. int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().toArray()] [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.toSorted() Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.sorted() [also: oArray.sortedWith(oFunc)] PHP: ___ Python: oListNew = sorted(oList) R: oVecNew = sort(oVec) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.sort Rust: ___ Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.sorted Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.sorted() UFL: Array.Reverse [note: modifies the array][see also: Array.Sort] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::reverse(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: std::reverse(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] [requires: #include <algorithm>] C#: Array.Reverse(oArray) Crystal: oArray.reverse! Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: slices.Reverse(oSlice) Java: Collections.reverse(oList) [requires: import java.util.*] [also (reverse int[]): oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).map(i->oArray[oArray.length-1-i]).toArray()] [also (reverse double[]): oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).mapToDouble(i->oArray[oArray.length-1-i]).toArray()] [also (reverse String[]/Integer[]): creates a temporary list, and reverses the array: Collections.reverse(Arrays.asList(oArray))] [requires (IntStream): import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: oArray.reverse() Kotlin: oArray.reverse() PHP: ___ [can use: $oArray = array_reverse($oArray)] [WARNING: array_reverse() creates a new array, it doesn't modify the existing array] Python: oList.reverse() [also: oList = oList[::-1]] R: ___ [can use: oVec = rev(oVec)] [WARNING: rev() creates a new vector, it doesn't modify the existing vector] Ruby: oArray.reverse! Rust: oArray.reverse() [also: oVec.reverse()] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray = oArray.reverse] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.reverse() UFL: Array.Reversed [note: doesn't modify the array (creates a new array)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = Enumerable.Range(1, oArray.Length).Select(i=>oArray[oArray.Length-i]).ToArray()] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v}).OrderByDescending(e=>e.k).Select(e=>e.v).ToArray()] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.reverse Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.toReversed() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.slice().reverse()] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.reversed() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_reverse($oArray) [WARNING: array_reverse() creates a new array, it doesn't modify the existing array] Python: oListNew = list(reversed(oList)) [also: oListNew = oList[::-1]] R: oVecNew = rev(oVec) [WARNING: rev() creates a new vector, it doesn't modify the existing vector] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.reverse Rust: oVecNew = oArray.clone().into_iter().rev().collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.reverse [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = Array(oArray.reversed()) UFL: Array.Shuffle [or Array.SortRandom][note: modifies the array][see also: Array.Sort] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::shuffle(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oGen) [also: std::shuffle(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oGen)] [beforehand: std::random_device oRD; std::mt19937 oGen(oRD());] [deprecated: std::random_shuffle] C#: ___ Crystal: oArray.shuffle! Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: rand.Shuffle(len(oArray), func(v1, v2 int) { oArray[v1], oArray[v2] = oArray[v2], oArray[v1] }) [beforehand: rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())] Java: Collections.shuffle(oList) [requires: import java.util.*] [WARNING: e.g. for String[]/Integer[] (but not int[]), 'Collections.shuffle(Arrays.asList(oArray))' creates a temporary list, and shuffles the array] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oArray.shuffle() PHP: shuffle($oArray) Python: ___ R: ___ [can use: oVec = sample(oVec)] [also: set.seed()] Ruby: oArray.shuffle! Rust: oArray.shuffle(&mut thread_rng()) [requires: use rand::thread_rng] [requires: use rand::seq::SliceRandom] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: ___ [can use: oArray = scala.util.Random.shuffle(oArray).toArray] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArray.shuffle() UFL: (Array.Shuffled) [note: doesn't modify the array (creates a new array)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.OrderBy(v=>oRand.Next()).ToArray() [beforehand: var oRand = new Random()] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.shuffle Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: oVecNew = sample(oVec) [also: set.seed()] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.shuffle Rust: ___ Scala: oArrayNew = scala.util.Random.shuffle(oArray).toArray [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.shuffled() UFL: Array.Distinct [or Array.Unique/Array.Dedup/Array.RemoveDups/Array.RemoveDuplicates][remove duplicates, preserve order] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) if (!oMap.count(vValue)) oMap[vValue] = 1, oVecNew.push_back(vValue)] [beforehand (map): std::map<std::string,int> oMap] [beforehand (map/set): std::vector<std::string> oVecNew] [WARNING: std::unique only removes adjacent duplicates] [also (using set): for (const auto& vValue : oArray) if (!oSet.count(vValue)) oSet.insert(vValue), oVecNew.push_back(vValue)] [beforehand (set): std::unordered_set<std::string> oSet] [requires (set): #include <unordered_set>] C#: var oArrayNew = oArray.Distinct().ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.uniq [also (modifies array): oArray.uniq!] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [can use (doesn't preserve order): oSliceNew := slices.Clone(oSlice); slices.Sort(oSliceNew); oSliceNew = slices.Compact(oSliceNew)] [note: slices.Compact removes consecutive duplicates] Java: ___ [e.g. String[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).distinct().toArray(String[]::new)] [e.g. int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).distinct().toArray()] [e.g. List<Integer>/List<String>: var oListNew = oList.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.toList())] [note (all): preserves order] JavaScript: oArrayNew = [...new Set(oArray)] [note: preserves order] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.distinct() [also: oArray.distinctBy()] [note: preserves order] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_unique($oArray)) [WARNING: array_unique() creates a new array, it doesn't modify the existing array] [WARNING: array_unique() maintains indexes, use array_values() to reindex an array] [note: preserves order] Python: oListNew = list(dict.fromkeys(oList)) [note: preserves order] R: oVecNew = unique(oVec) [note: preserves order] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.uniq [also (modifies array): oArray.uniq!] Rust: oVecNew: Vec<_> = oVec.into_iter().unique().collect() [requires (unique): use itertools::Itertools] [WARNING: dedup() only removes adjacent duplicates] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.distinct [note: preserves order] [note: also works with lists] Swift: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = oArray.reduce(into:[]){$0.contains($1) ?():$0.append($1)}] [note: preserves order] [also (doesn't preserve order): oArrayNew = Array(Set(oArray))] UFL: Array.FreqCount [or Array.FrequencyCount][return a map/dictionary][frequency table, preserve order] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) oMap[vValue]++] [also: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) oMap[vValue] = oMap.count(vValue) ? oMap[vValue]+1 : 1] [beforehand: std::map<std::string,int> oMap] [WARNING: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]++' creates a key with the default value, e.g. 0, then increments it] C#: ___ [e.g. int array: var oDict = oArray.GroupBy(v=>v).Select(g=>new[]{g.Key,g.Count()}).ToDictionary(e=>e[0], e=>e[1])] [e.g. string array: var oDict = oArray.GroupBy(v=>v).Select(g=>new KeyValuePair<string,int>(g.Key,g.Count())).ToDictionary(e=>e.Key, e=>e.Value)] Crystal: ___ [can use: oMap = oArray.each_with_object(Hash(String,Int32).new(0)){|v,o| o[v]+=1}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. Map<String,Long> oMap = Arrays.stream(oArray).collect(Collectors.groupingBy(e->e, LinkedHashMap::new, Collectors.counting()))] [e.g. Map<Integer,Long> oMap = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(e->e, LinkedHashMap::new, Collectors.counting()))] [e.g. List<Integer>/List<String>: var oMap = oList.stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(e->e, LinkedHashMap::new, Collectors.counting()))] [note (all): preserves order] JavaScript: ___ [can use: for (const vValue of oArray) oMap.set(vValue, (oMap.get(vValue)||0) + 1)] [beforehand: oMap = new Map()] [note: preserves order] Kotlin: oMap = oArray.toList().groupingBy{it}.eachCount() [note: preserves order] PHP: $oMap = array_count_values($oArray) [note: preserves order] Python: ___ [can use: for vValue in oList: oDict[vValue] = oDict.get(vValue, 0) + 1] [beforehand: oDict = dict()] [note: preserves order] [note: collections.Counter() doesn't preserve order] R: table [e.g. oTable = table(oVec)] [note: oKeys = names(oTable)] [note: oValues = unname(oTable)] [WARNING: doesn't preserve order] [WARNING: stores items as strings (and counts as ints)] Ruby: ___ [can use: oMap = oArray.each_with_object(Hash.new(0)){|v,o| o[v]+=1}] Rust: ___ [can use: oMap = oArray.into_iter().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut a,v| {a.entry(v).and_modify(|c| *c+=1).or_insert(1); a})] [note: also works with vectors] [requires: use std::collections::BTreeMap] [note: copied(), clone() also works] Scala: ___ [can use: oMap = oArray.groupBy(identity).view.mapValues(_.size).toMap] [note: also works with lists] [WARNING (all): groupBy doesn't preserve order] [e.g. preserve order: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[String,Int](); oArray.foreach(v=>oMap(oFunc(v))=oMap.getOrElse(oFunc(v), 0)+1)] Swift: ___ [can use: oDict = oArray.reduce(into:[:]){$0[$1,default:0]+=1}] [WARNING: doesn't preserve order] UFL: Array.Max [see also: Max][comparing values according to the array's type, else numerically, return the max][WARNING: if an array is empty, max typically throws] AutoHotkey: vMax := Max(oArray*) [note: throws if empty array] C++: auto vMax = *std::max_element(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: auto vMax = *std::max_element(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] [note: std::begin throws if empty array] [WARNING: reads whatever is it at address if empty vector] C#: vMax = oArray.Max() [note: throws if empty array] Crystal: vMax = oArray.max [note: throws if empty array] Excel: ___ [can use: MAX()] Excel VBA: vMax = WorksheetFunction.Max(oArray) [note: throws if empty array] Go: vMax := slices.Max(oSlice) [note: throws if empty array] Java: ___ [e.g. int[]: int vMax = Arrays.stream(oArray).max().getAsInt()] [e.g. String[]: var vMax = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().skip(oArray.length-1).findFirst().get()] [e.g. List<Integer>/List<String>: var vMax = Collections.max(oList)] [e.g. int[]: int vMax = Arrays.stream(oArray).summaryStatistics().getMax()] [note: max() throws if empty array] JavaScript: vMax = Math.max(...oArray) [note: returns -Infinity if empty array] Kotlin: vMax = oArray.max() [note: throws if empty array] [also: oMaxOpt = oArray.maxOrNull()] PHP: $vMax = max($oArray) [note: 'standard comparison rules' e.g. 'a non-numeric string will be compared to an int as though it were 0'] Python: vMax = max(oList) [note: throws if empty array] R: vMax = max(oVec) [note: returns -Inf if empty array] Ruby: vMax = oArray.max [note: returns nil if empty array] Rust: vMax = oArray.iter().max().unwrap() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vMax = oArray.max [note: max() throws if empty array] [note: also works with lists] Swift: vMax = oArray.max()! [note: returns nil if empty array] UFL: Array.Min [see also: Min][comparing values according to the array's type, else numerically, return the min][WARNING: if an array is empty, min typically throws] AutoHotkey: vMin := Min(oArray*) [note: throws if empty array] C++: auto vMin = *std::min_element(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: auto vMin = *std::min_element(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] [note: std::begin throws if empty array] [WARNING: reads whatever is it at address if empty vector] C#: vMin = oArray.Min() [note: throws if empty array] Crystal: vMin = oArray.min [note: throws if empty array] Excel: ___ [can use: MIN()] Excel VBA: vMin = WorksheetFunction.Min(oArray) [note: throws if empty array] Go: vMin := slices.Min(oSlice) [note: throws if empty array] Java: ___ [e.g. int[]: int vMin = Arrays.stream(oArray).min().getAsInt()] [e.g. String[]: var vMin = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().findFirst().get()] [e.g. List<Integer>/List<String>: var vMin = Collections.min(oList)] [e.g. int[]: int vMin = Arrays.stream(oArray).summaryStatistics().getMin()] [note: min() throws if empty array] JavaScript: vMin = Math.min(...oArray) [note: returns Infinity if empty array] Kotlin: vMin = oArray.min() [note: throws if empty array] [also: oMinOpt = oArray.minOrNull()] PHP: $vMin = min($oArray) [note: 'standard comparison rules' e.g. 'a non-numeric string will be compared to an int as though it were 0'] Python: vMin = min(oList) [note: throws if empty array] R: vMin = min(oVec) [note: returns Inf if empty array] Ruby: vMin = oArray.min [note: returns nil if empty array] Rust: vMin = oArray.iter().min().unwrap() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vMin = oArray.min [note: min() throws if empty array] [note: also works with lists] Swift: vMin = oArray.min()! [note: returns nil if empty array] UFL: (Array.StrMax) [comparing values as strings, return the max][see also: Array.ToStrArray] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vMax = *std::max_element(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: auto vMax = *std::max_element(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] C#: vMax = oArray.Select(v=>v.ToString()).Max() [also (if all values strings): var vMax = oArray.Max()] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vMax = oArray.map(&.to_s).max Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [e.g. []string: vMax := slices.Max(oSlice)] Java: ___ [e.g. String[]: var vMax = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().skip(oArray.length-1).findFirst().get()] [e.g. List<String>: var vMax = Collections.max(oList)] JavaScript: vMax = oArray.toSorted().pop() Kotlin: vMax = oArray.map{v->v.toString()}.max() [also (if all values strings): vMax = oArray.max()] [also: oArray.maxOrNull()] PHP: $vMax = array_reduce($oArray, function($vText1, $vText2) {return (($vText1 == null) ? $vText2 : (strcmp($vText1, $vText2) >= 0 ? $vText1 : $vText2));}) [also (if all values strings): $vMax = max($oArray)] Python: vMax = max(map(str, oList)) [also (if all values strings): vMax = max(oList)] R: vMax = tail(oVec[order(as.character(oVec))], 1) [note: returns NULL if empty] Ruby: vMax = oArray.map(&:to_s).max Rust: vMax = oArray.iter().map(|v| (*v).to_string()).max().unwrap() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vMax = oArray.map(_.toString).max [note: also works with lists] Swift: vMax = oArray.map{String($0)}.max()! [also (if all values strings): vMax = oArray.max()!] UFL: (Array.StrMin) [comparing values as strings, return the min][see also: Array.ToStrArray] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vMin = *std::min_element(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) [also: auto vMin = *std::min_element(oVec.begin(), oVec.end())] C#: vMin = oArray.Select(v=>v.ToString()).Min() [also (if all values strings): var vMin = oArray.Min()] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vMin = oArray.map(&.to_s).min Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [e.g. []string: vMin := slices.Min(oSlice)] Java: ___ [e.g. String[]: var vMin = Arrays.stream(oArray).sorted().findFirst().get()] [e.g. List<String>: var vMin = Collections.min(oList)] JavaScript: vMin = oArray.toSorted()[0] Kotlin: vMin = oArray.map{v->v.toString()}.min() [also (if all values strings): vMin = oArray.min()] [also: oArray.minOrNull()] PHP: $vMin = array_reduce($oArray, function($vText1, $vText2) {return (($vText1 == null) ? $vText2 : (strcmp($vText1, $vText2) <= 0 ? $vText1 : $vText2));}) [also (if all values strings): $vMin = min($oArray)] Python: vMin = min(map(str, oList)) [also (if all values strings): vMin = min(oList)] R: vMin = head(oVec[order(as.character(oVec))], 1) [also: vMin = oVec[order(as.character(oVec))][1]] [note (both): returns NULL if empty] Ruby: vMin = oArray.map(&:to_s).min Rust: vMin = oArray.iter().map(|v| (*v).to_string()).min().unwrap() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: vMin = oArray.map(_.toString).min [note: also works with lists] Swift: vMin = oArray.map{String($0)}.min()! [also (if all values strings): vMin = oArray.min()!] UFL: Array.Sum [see also: Sum] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: int vSum = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), 0) [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] C#: vSum = oArray.Sum() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vSum = oArray.sum [also: vSum = oRange.sum] Excel: ___ [can use: SUM()] Excel VBA: vSum = WorksheetFunction.Sum(oArray) Go: ___ Java: vSum = Arrays.stream(oArray).sum() [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: vSum = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>a+v) Kotlin: vSum = oArray.sum() PHP: $vSum = array_sum($oArray) Python: vSum = sum(oList) R: vSum = sum(oVec) Ruby: vSum = oArray.sum [also: vSum = oRange.sum] Rust: vSum: i32 = oArray.iter().sum() Scala: vSum = oArray.sum Swift: vSum = oArray.reduce(0, +) UFL: Array.Product [see also: Product] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: int vProduct = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), 1, std::multiplies<int>()) [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] C#: vProduct = oArray.Aggregate(1, (a,v)=>a*v) [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vProduct = oArray.product Excel: ___ [can use: PRODUCT()] Excel VBA: vProduct = WorksheetFunction.Product(oArray) Go: ___ Java: vProduct = Arrays.stream(oArray).reduce(1, (a,v)->a*v) [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: vProduct = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>a*v) Kotlin: vProduct = oArray.reduce(Int::times) PHP: $vProduct = array_product($oArray) Python: vProduct = math.prod(oList) [requires: import math] R: vProduct = prod(oVec) Ruby: vProduct = oArray.reduce{|a,v| a*v} Rust: vProduct: i32 = oArray.iter().product() Scala: vProduct = oArray.product Swift: vProduct = oArray.reduce(1, *) UFL: Array.Mean [see also: Mean/Array.Sum] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: double vMean = (double)std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), 0) / (sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0])) [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] C#: vMean = oArray.Average() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vMean = oArray.sum / oArray.size Excel: ___ [can use: AVERAGE()] Excel VBA: vMean = WorksheetFunction.Average(oArray) Go: ___ Java: vMean = Arrays.stream(oArray).average().orElseThrow() [note: orElseThrow() to unwrap optional value] [also: double vMean = Arrays.stream(oArray).summaryStatistics().getAverage()] [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: vMean = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>a+v) / oArray.length Kotlin: vMean = oArray.average() PHP: $vMean = array_sum($oArray) / count($oArray) Python: vMean = statistics.mean(oList) R: vMean = mean(oVec) Ruby: vMean = oArray.sum / oArray.length.to_f Rust: vMean = oArray.iter().sum::<i32>() as f32 / oArray.len() as f32 Scala: vMean = oArray.sum/oArray.length.toDouble Swift: vMean = oArray.reduce(0, +) / oArray.count UFL: Array.Median [see also: Median/Array.Sort] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ [can use: MEDIAN()] Excel VBA: vMedian = WorksheetFunction.Median(oArray) Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: vMedian = statistics.median(oList) [requires: import statistics] R: vMedian = median(oVec) Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Array.Mode [or Array.Modes][see also: Mode/Array.FreqCount][return an array containing the mode(s)][note: if all elements appear once, could either return all elements or throw] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ [can use: MODE.MULT()] [WARNING: MODE: returns the first mode, and fails if the first mode has frequency 1] Excel VBA: ___ [can use: WorksheetFunction.Mode_Mult()] [WARNING: WorksheetFunction.Mode: requires an array, returns the first mode, and fails if the first mode has frequency 1] Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: oMode = statistics.multimode(oList) [requires: import statistics] R: ___ [WARNING: mode() returns the variable's 'mode', somewhat like typeof()/class()] [can use: modes, any type, excludes NAs: oVecNew = names(table(oVec))[table(oVec)==max(table(oVec))]] [also: modes, ints only, includes NAs: oUnique = unique(oVec); oTable = tabulate(match(oVec, oUnique)); oVecNew = oUnique[oTable == max(oTable)]] [also: one mode only, any type, excludes NAs: vMode = names(which.max(table(oVec)))] Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Array.Equals [or Array.Match][do the contents of 2 arrays match (same items, same order, same item frequency)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto vIsMatch = std::equal(std::begin(oArray1), std::end(oArray1), std::begin(oArray2)) [also: auto vIsMatch = std::equal(oVec1.begin(), oVec1.end(), oVec2.begin())] C#: bool vIsMatch = Enumerable.SequenceEqual(oArray1, oArray2) [also: bool vIsMatch = oArray1.SequenceEqual(oArray2)] Crystal: vIsMatch = (oArray1 == oArray2) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vIsMatch := slices.Equal(oSlice1, oSlice2) Java: vIsMatch = Arrays.equals(oArray1, oArray2) [e.g. works on int[]/String[]] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vIsMatch = (oArray1 contentEquals oArray2) PHP: $vIsMatch = ($oArray1 === $oArray2) Python: ___ R: vIsMatch = identical(oVec1, oVec2) Ruby: vIsMatch = (oArray1 == oArray2) Rust: vIsMatch = (oArray1 == oArray2) [also: vIsMatch = oArray1.eq(&oArray2)] [note: also works with vectors] [note: array comparisons (== and eq) fail at compile time if array sizes differ] Scala: vIsMatch = oArray1 sameElements oArray2 Swift: vIsMatch = (oArray1.count == oArray2.count) && (oArray1 == oArray2) UFL: Array.EqualsIgnoreOrder [do the contents of 2 arrays match (same items, key order irrelevant, same item frequency)][note: arrays can contain items multiple times, sets only contain items once] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: std::string oArrayCopy1[123]; std::string oArrayCopy2[123]; std::copy(std::begin(oArray1), std::end(oArray1), std::begin(oArrayCopy1)); std::copy(std::begin(oArray2), std::end(oArray2), std::begin(oArrayCopy2)); std::sort(std::begin(oArrayCopy1), std::end(oArrayCopy1)); std::sort(std::begin(oArrayCopy2), std::end(oArrayCopy2)); auto vIsMatch = std::equal(std::begin(oArrayCopy1), std::end(oArrayCopy1), std::begin(oArrayCopy2));] [note: replace '123' with the necessary size] C#: bool vIsMatch = Enumerable.SequenceEqual(oArray1.OrderBy(v=>v), oArray2.OrderBy(v=>v)) [also: bool vIsMatch = oArray1.OrderBy(v=>v).SequenceEqual(oArray2.OrderBy(v=>v))] Crystal: vIsMatch = (oArray1.sort == oArray2.sort) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use (e.g. int[]/String[]): var oArrayCopy1 = oArray1.clone(); var oArrayCopy2 = oArray2.clone(); Arrays.sort(oArrayCopy1); Arrays.sort(oArrayCopy2); var vIsMatch = Arrays.equals(oArrayCopy1, oArrayCopy2);] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vIsMatch = (oArray1.sorted().toTypedArray() contentEquals oArray2.sorted().toTypedArray()) PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: vIsMatch = identical(sort(oVec1), sort(oVec2)) Ruby: vIsMatch = (oArray1.sort == oArray2.sort) Rust: ___ Scala: vIsMatch = oArray1.sorted sameElements oArray2.sorted Swift: vIsMatch = (oArray1.count == oArray2.count) && (oArray1.sorted() == oArray2.sorted()) UFL: Array.Map [see also: Array.ForEach/Array.MapDemoBlock/Array.MapWithIndexDemoBlock] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::transform(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oArrayNew, oFunc) [also: std::transform(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), oFunc)] [requires: #include <algorithm>] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(oFunc).ToArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>oFunc(v)).ToArray()] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().mapToInt(oFunc).toArray() [requires: import java.util.*] [also: map()] [also: int[][] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToObj(v->oFunc.apply(v)).toArray(int[][]::new)] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>oFunc(v))] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map(oFunc).toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{oFunc(it)}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map($oFunc, $oArray) [also: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>$oFunc($v), $oArray)] [WARNING: param order: func then array, unlike reduce/filter] [also: array_walk()] Python: oListNew = list(map(oFunc, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:oFunc(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = mapply(oFunc, oVec) [also: oVecNew = mapply(\(v) oFunc(v), oVec)] [also: oVecNew = unlist(Map(oFunc, oVec))] [WARNING: these are equivalent: oVecNew = oVec + 5, oVecNew = mapply(\(v) v+5, oVec)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| oFunc(*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] [also (array to array): oArrayNew = oArray.map(|v| oFunc(v))] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map(oFunc(_))] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>oFunc(v))] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{oFunc($0)}] [also: oArray.compactMap()] [deprecated: oArray.flatMap()] UFL: Array.FlatMap [note: map appends function output to array, flatmap appends array items in function output to array][see also: Array.Flat/Array.Flattened] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: oArrayNew = oArray.SelectMany(v=>oFunc(v)).ToArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.SelectMany(oFunc).ToArray()] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.flat_map{|v| oFunc.call(v)} [also: oArrayNew = oArray.flat_map(&oFunc)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().flatMapToInt(v->Arrays.stream(oFunc.apply(v))).toArray() [also: flatMap()] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(v=>oFunc(v)) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(oFunc)] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{v->oFunc(v)}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(oFunc).toTypedArray()] PHP: ___ [can use: $oArrayNew = array_merge(...array_map(fn($v)=>$oFunc($v), $oArray))] [also: $oArrayNew = array_merge(...array_map($oFunc, $oArray))] Python: ___ [can use: oListNew = [v2 for v1 in oList for v2 in oFunc(v1)]] R: ___ [can use: oVecNew = c(mapply(oFunc, oVec))] [also: oVecNew = unlist(Map(oFunc, oVec))] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.flat_map{|v| oFunc.call(v)} Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().flat_map(|v| oFunc(*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(oFunc) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap{oFunc($0)} [also: oArrayNew = oArray.flatMap(oFunc)] UFL: Array.Reduce [or Array.ReduceNoSeed][or Array.Fold/Array.ReduceLeft/Array.FoldLeft]['reduce left'/'fold left'][note: omit seed, use first value as seed][note: would typically throw or return null, if passed an empty array, and no seed][see also: Array.ReduceWithSeed/Array.ReduceDemoBlock/Array.ReduceWithIndexDemoBlock] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: int vRet = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray)+1, std::end(oArray), oArray[0], oFunc)] [can use: int vRet = std::accumulate(oVec.begin()+1, oVec.end(), oVec[0], oFunc)] [WARNING: std::accumulate() requires a seed value, workaround: use the first array value as the seed, and pass the rest of the array as the array] [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] [also: std::reduce()] [also: std::ranges::fold_left()] C#: vRet = oArray.Aggregate(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.Aggregate((a,v)=>oFunc(a,v))] Crystal: vRet = oArray.reduce(&oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce{|a,v| oFunc.call(a,v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int vRet = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce(oFunc).orElseThrow() [requires: import java.util.*] [note: if array empty and no seed, would throw, so orElseThrow needed] JavaScript: vRet = oArray.reduce(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>oFunc(a,v))] [note: throws if array empty and no seed] Kotlin: vRet = oArray.reduce(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce{a,v->oFunc(a,v)}] [note: throws if array empty and no seed] [note: in Kotlin, reduce doesn't let you specify a seed, fold does] PHP: ___ [can use: $vRet = array_reduce(array_slice($oArray, 1), $oFunc, $oArray[0])] [also: $vRet = array_reduce(array_slice($oArray, 1), fn($a,$v)=>$oFunc($a,$v), $oArray[0])] [can use (if seed value of null doesn't affect result): $vRet = array_reduce($oArray, $oFunc)] [WARNING: if the seed (initial value) param is omitted, null is used as the seed, in most languages, if no seed is specified, the first array value is used as the seed, (e.g. sum is OK: null+3=3, concat is OK: null . "abc"="abc", product is not OK: it would be 0: null*3=0)] [note: if array empty and seed param omitted, null is returned] Python: vRet = reduce(oFunc, oList) [also: vRet = reduce(lambda a,v:oFunc(a,v), oList)] [requires: from functools import reduce] [note: throws if array empty and no seed] R: vRet = Reduce(oFunc, oVec) [also: vRet = Reduce(\(a,v) oFunc(a,v), oVec)] Ruby: vRet = oArray.reduce(&oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce{|a,v| oFunc.call(a,v)}] [note: reduce is an alias of inject] Rust: vRet = oArray.into_iter().reduce(|a,v| oFunc(a,v)).unwrap() Scala: vRet = oArray.reduce(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce((v1,v2)=>oFunc(v1,v2))] [also: reduceLeft] Swift: ___ [can use: vRet = oArray.dropFirst().reduce(oArray[0], oFunc)] [also: vRet = oArray.dropFirst().reduce(oArray[0]){oFunc($0,$1)}] [WARNING: reduce() requires a seed value, workaround: use the first array value as the seed, and pass the rest of the array as the array] UFL: Array.ReduceWithSeed [note: in some languages: 'fold' is with seed, 'reduce' is without seed][note: specify seed (init/identity)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: int vRet = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), vSeed, oFunc) [also: int vRet = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), vSeed, oFunc)] [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] [also: std::reduce()] [also: std::ranges::fold_left()] C#: vRet = oArray.Aggregate(vSeed, oFunc) Crystal: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed, &oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed){|a,v| oFunc.call(a,v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int vRet = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce(vSeed, oFunc) [requires: import java.util.*] [note: a seed is specified, so guaranteed at least one value, orElseThrow not needed] JavaScript: vRet = oArray.reduce(oFunc, vSeed) Kotlin: vRet = oArray.fold(vSeed, oFunc) PHP: $vRet = array_reduce($oArray, $oFunc, $vSeed) Python: vRet = reduce(oFunc, oList, vSeed) [requires: from functools import reduce] R: vRet = Reduce(oFunc, oVec, vSeed) Ruby: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed, &oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed){|a,v| oFunc.call(a,v)}] [note: reduce is an alias of inject] Rust: vRet = oArray.iter().fold(vSeed, |a,v| oFunc(a,*v)) Scala: vRet = oArray.fold(vSeed)(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.fold(vSeed)((v1,v2)=>oFunc(v1,v2))] [also: foldLeft] [note: foldLeft is more permissive regarding which types it accepts] Swift: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed, oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduce(vSeed){oFunc($0,$1)}] [note: 'into' can make blocks simpler and more performant: with 'into' you can modify $0 directly each time (the seed/accumulator), without 'into', you have to clone $0, modify it, and return it each time] [e.g. 'into': to array: oArray.reduce(into:[]){$0.append($1+10)}] [e.g. 'into': to dictionary: oArray.reduce(into:[:]){$0[$1]=1}] UFL: Array.ReduceRight [or Array.FoldRight]['reduce right'/'fold right' is equivalent to reduce left but with the array values reversed, and the 2-param function's param order reversed][see also: Array.Reverse/Array.Reversed/Array.Reduce] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: std::accumulate(), but it requires a seed value] [also: std::reduce()] [also: std::ranges::fold_right()] C#: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.Aggregate((a,v)=>oFunc(v,a))] Crystal: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.reduce{|a,v| oFunc.call(v,a)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use (e.g. int[]/double[]): Arrays.stream(oArrayRev).boxed().reduce((a,v)->oFunc.apply(v,a)).orElseThrow()] JavaScript: ___ [can use: vRet = oArray.reduceRight((a,v)=>oFunc(v,a))] [WARNING: 'reduce right' is a misnomer, the method is equivalent to reversing the array and doing reduce left, for true reverse right, reverse the 2-param function's param order] [note: throws if array empty and no seed] Kotlin: vRet = oArray.reduceRight(oFunc) [note: throws if array empty and no seed] [note: in Kotlin, reduce doesn't let you specify a seed, fold does] PHP: ___ [can use (requires a seed): $vRet = array_reduce($oArrayRev, fn($a,$v)=>$oFunc($v,$a), $vSeed)] Python: ___ [can use: vRet = reduce(lambda a,v:oFunc(v,a), oListRev)] R: ___ [can use: vRet = Reduce(\(a,v) oFunc(v,a), oVecRev)] Ruby: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.reduce{|a,v| oFunc.call(v,a)}] Rust: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.into_iter().reduce(|a,v| oFunc(v,a)).unwrap()] Scala: vRet = oArray.reduceRight(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.reduceRight((v1,v2)=>oFunc(v1,v2))] Swift: ___ [can use (requires a seed): vRet = oArrayRev.reduce(vSeed){oFunc($1,$0)}] UFL: Array.ReduceRightWithSeed [or Array.FoldRightWithSeed][see also: Array.Reverse/Array.Reversed/Array.ReduceWithSeed] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: int vRet = std::accumulate(std::begin(oArrayRev), std::end(oArrayRev), vSeed, [oFunc](int a,int v){return oFunc(v,a);}) [also: int vRet = std::accumulate(oVecRev.begin(), oVecRev.end(), vSeed, [oFunc](int a,int v){return oFunc(v,a);})] [requires (std::accumulate): #include <numeric>] [also: std::reduce()] [also: std::ranges::fold_right()] C#: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.Aggregate(vSeed, (a,v)=>oFunc(v,a))] Crystal: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.reduce(vSeed){|a,v| oFunc.call(v,a)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: int vRet = Arrays.stream(oArrayRev).boxed().reduce(vSeed, (a,v)->oFunc.apply(v,a))] [requires: import java.util.*] [note: a seed is specified, so guaranteed at least one value, orElseThrow not needed] JavaScript: ___ [can use: vRet = oArray.reduceRight((a,v)=>oFunc(v,a), vSeed)] [WARNING: 'reduce right' is a misnomer, the method is equivalent to reversing the array and doing reduce left, for true reverse right, reverse the 2-param function's param order] Kotlin: vRet = oArray.foldRight(vSeed, oFunc) PHP: ___ [can use: $vRet = array_reduce($oArrayRev, fn($a,$v)=>$oFunc($v,$a), $vSeed)] Python: ___ [can use: vRet = reduce(lambda a,v:oFunc(v,a), oListRev, vSeed)] [requires: from functools import reduce] R: ___ [can use: vRet = Reduce(\(a,v) oFunc(v,a), oVecRev, vSeed)] Ruby: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.reduce(vSeed){|a,v| oFunc.call(v,a)}] Rust: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.iter().fold(vSeed, |a,v| oFunc(*v,a))] Scala: vRet = oArray.foldRight(vSeed)(oFunc) [also: vRet = oArray.foldRight(vSeed)((v1,v2)=>oFunc(v1,v2))] Swift: ___ [can use: vRet = oArrayRev.reduce(vSeed){oFunc($1,$0)}] UFL: Array.Filter [create an array containing values that match predicate][see also: Array.Count/Array.GroupBy/Array.Partition/Array.Find/Array.FilterDemoBlock/Array.FilterWithIndexDemoBlock] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::copy_if(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), oFunc) [requires (std::copy_if/std::remove_if): #include <algorithm>] [also: std::remove_if(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oFunc)] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where(oFunc).ToArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.Where(v=>oFunc(v)).ToArray()] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.select(&oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.select{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: can use Filter() to list matches(/non-matches) that are a *substring* of a needle, case-sensitive/case-insensitive (integer values are treated as strings)] Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().filter(oFunc).mapToInt(v->v).toArray() [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(v=>oFunc(v))] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(oFunc).toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter{oFunc(it)}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, $oFunc)) [also: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, fn($v)=>$oFunc($v)))] [WARNING: array_filter() maintains indexes, use array_values() to reindex an array] Python: oListNew = list(filter(oFunc, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(filter(lambda v:oFunc(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = Filter(oFunc, oVec) [also: oVecNew = Filter(\(v) oFunc(v), oVec)] [also (unusual syntax): oVecNew = oVec[oFunc(oVec)]] [e.g. (unusual syntax): oVecNew = oVec[oVec%%3 == 0]] [note: Filter() excludes NA values] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select(&oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.select{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] [also (alias): filter] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().filter(|v| oFunc(**v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(oFunc(_))] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(v=>oFunc(v))] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter{oFunc($0)}] UFL: Array.FilterGetEveryNth [get every nth key][e.g. get keys 4/8/12/16/20 (1-based), 3/7/11/15/19 (0-based)][see also: Range.NewWithStep/Array.GroupByWithIndex] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) if (i%vNum == vNum-1) oVecNew.push_back(oVec[i]) C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where((v,k)=>(k%vNum == vNum-1)).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select{|v,k| (k%vNum == vNum-1)}.map{|vk|vk[0]}.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().filter(i->(i%vNum == vNum-1)).mapToInt(i->oArray[i]).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter((v,k)=>(k%vNum == vNum-1)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filterIndexed{k,_->(k%vNum == vNum-1)}.toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, fn($k)=>($k%$vNum == $vNum-1), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_KEY)) [also: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, fn($v,$k)=>($k%$vNum == $vNum-1), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH))] Python: oListNew = [v for k,v in enumerate(oList) if (k%vNum == vNum-1)] R: oVecNew = oVec[seq(vNum, length(oVec), vNum)] [also: oVecNew = mapply(\(e) e[2], Filter(\(e) (as.integer(unlist(e)[1]) %% vNum == 0), oEntries))] [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] [note: keys use 1-based indexes] [e.g. oVecNew = oVec[(1:length(oVec))%%3 == 0]] [e.g. oVecNew = oVec[seq_along(oVec)%%3 == 0]] [e.g. oVecNew = oVec[c(F, F, T)]] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select.with_index{|v,k| (k%vNum == vNum-1)} [also: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select{|v,k| (k%vNum == vNum-1)}.map{|vk|vk[0]}] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter_map.with_index{|v,k| v if (k%vNum == vNum-1)}] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().enumerate().filter(|(k,_)| (k%vNum == vNum-1)).map(|(_,v)| v).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: var oArrayNew = oArray.zipWithIndex.filter(_._2%vNum == vNum-1).map(_._1) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.enumerated().filter{($0.0%vNum == vNum-1)}.map{$1} UFL: Array.GroupBy [split array to (a map of) subarrays based on a function][note: the map key names are the function output][see also: Array.Filter/Array.Partition] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : oArray) oMap[oFunc(vValue)].push_back(vValue) [beforehand: std::map<int,std::vector<int>> oMap] [requires: #include <vector>] [requires: #include <map>] [WARNING: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. an empty vector] C#: oDict = oArray.GroupBy(oFunc).ToDictionary(g=>g.Key, g=>g.ToArray()) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMap = oArray.group_by(&oFunc) [also: oMap = oArray.group_by{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [e.g. int[] (note: remove 'boxed()' for String[]): var oMap = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(oFunc))] [also: var oMap = oList.collect(Collectors.groupingBy(oFunc))] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: ___ [e.g. (some browsers support): oMap = Map.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] [e.g. (some browsers support): oObj = Object.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] [note: Func receives item/index/array] Kotlin: oMap = oArray.groupBy(oFunc) [also: oMap = oArray.groupBy{oFunc(it)}] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $v) $oMap[$oFunc($v)][] = $v] [WARNING: '$oMap[$vKey][] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [beforehand: $oMap = []] Python: for k,g in groupby(oListTemp, oFunc): oDict[k] = list(g) [beforehand: oListTemp = sorted(oList, key=oFunc); oDict = {}] [requires: from itertools import groupby] R: oList = split(oVec, oFunc(oVec)) [e.g. oList = split(oVec, oVec %% 5)] [note: returns a list of lists] Ruby: oMap = oArray.group_by(&oFunc) [also: oMap = oArray.group_by{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] Rust: oMap: BTreeMap::<_,Vec<_>> = oArray.into_iter().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut a,v| {a.entry(oFunc(v)).or_default().push(v); a}) [requires: use std::collections::BTreeMap] [e.g. fn oFunc (vNum:i32) -> i32{vNum%3}] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oMap = oArray.groupBy(oFunc) [note: returns a map where each key is an array] [note: returns a map where each key is a list: oMapNew = oArray.groupBy(oFunc).view.mapValues(v=>v.toList).toMap] [note (both): also works with lists] [WARNING (all): groupBy doesn't preserve order] [e.g. preserve order: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[Int,List[Int]]().withDefaultValue(List[Int]()); oArray.foreach(v=>oMap(oFunc(v)):+=v)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(grouping:oArray, by:oFunc) UFL: Array.GroupByWithIndex [split array to (a map of) subarrays (containing values but not indexes) based on a function (that receives values and indexes)][note: the map key names are the function output][note: workaround to do GroupBy using value *and key* (with index): array to entries (key-value pairs), to map of arrays of entries, to map of arrays of values][see also: Array.Filter/Array.Partition/(Array.Entries)/Array.FilterGetEveryNth/Array.Chunk/(Map.MultiFlip)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oMap[oFunc(i, oArray[i])].push_back(oArray[i]) [beforehand: std::map<int,std::vector<int>> oMap] [requires: #include <vector>] [requires: #include <map>] [WARNING: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. an empty vector] C#: oDict = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k=k,v=v}).GroupBy(e=>oFunc(e.k,e.v)).ToDictionary(g=>g.Key, g=>g.Select(e=>e.v).ToArray()) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMap = oArray.each_with_index.group_by{|v,k| oFunc.call(k,v)}.map{|k,v| [k,v.map{|v| v[0]}]}.to_h Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oMap = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(i->oFunc.apply(i,oArray[i]), Collectors.mapping(i->oArray[i], Collectors.toList()))) JavaScript: ___ [e.g. (some browsers support): oMap = Map.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] [e.g. (some browsers support): oObj = Object.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] [note: Func receives item/index/array] Kotlin: oMap = oArray.withIndex().groupBy({oFunc(it.index,it.value)}, {it.value}) PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $k=>$v) $oMap[$oFunc($k,$v)][] = $v] [WARNING: '$oMap[$vKey][] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [beforehand: $oMap = []] Python: ___ [can use: for k,g in groupby(oListTemp, oFunc): oDict[k] = list(map(lambda v : v[1], g))] [beforehand: oListTemp = sorted(enumerate(oList), key=oFunc); oDict = {}] [requires: from itertools import groupby] [note: where Func accepts one param, a key-value pair] R: split(oVec, oFunc(seq_along(oVec), oVec)) [also: split(oVec, unlist(Map(oFunc, seq_along(oVec), oVec)))] [note: where oFunc accepts 2 params (k and v)] Ruby: oArray.group_by.with_index{|v,k| oFunc.call(k,v)} [also: oMap = oArray.each_with_index.group_by{|v,k| oFunc.call(k,v)}.map{|k,v| [k,v.map{|v| v[0]}]}.to_h] Rust: oMap: BTreeMap::<_,Vec<_>> = oArray.into_iter().enumerate().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut a,(k,v)| {a.entry(oFunc(k as i32,v)).or_default().push(v); a}) [requires: use std::collections::BTreeMap] [e.g. fn oFunc (vKey:i32, vValue:i32) -> i32{vKey%3}] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oMap = oArray.zipWithIndex.groupBy(oFunc).view.mapValues(v=>v.map(e=>e._1)).toMap [note: returns a map where each key is an array] [note: returns a map where each key is a list: oMap = oArray.zipWithIndex.groupBy(oFunc).view.mapValues(v=>v.map(e=>e._1).toList).toMap] [note (both): also works with lists] [WARNING (all): groupBy doesn't preserve order] [e.g. preserve order: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[Int,List[Int]]().withDefaultValue(List[Int]()); oArray.view.zipWithIndex.foreach((v,k)=>oMap(oFunc(k,v)):+=v)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(grouping:oArray.enumerated(), by:{oFunc($0,$1)}).mapValues{$0.map{$0.element}} UFL: (Array.Partition) [create 2 separate arrays based on a filter (predicate)][see also: Array.Filter/Array.GroupBy][note: in some languages, 'partition' rearranges keys within an array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oPivot = std::partition(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oFunc) [also: auto oPivot = std::partition(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oFunc)] [requires: #include <vector>] [requires: #include <algorithm>] [note (array): false value count: vPivot = oPivot - oArray] [note (vector): false value count: vPivot = oPivot - oVec.begin()] C#: oDict = oArray.GroupBy(oFunc).ToDictionary(g=>g.Key, g=>g.ToArray()) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oTuple = oArray.partition(&oFunc) [also: oTuple = oArray.partition{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] [also: group_by()] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: can use Filter() to list matches(/non-matches) that are a *substring* of a needle, case-sensitive/case-insensitive (integer values are treated as strings)] Go: ___ Java: var oMap = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(oFunc)) [also: var oMap = oList.stream().collect(Collectors.partitioningBy(oFunc))] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: ___ [e.g. (some browsers support): oMap = Map.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] [e.g. (some browsers support): oObj = Object.groupBy(oArray, oFunc)] Kotlin: (oArray1, oArray2) = oArray.partition(oFunc) [also: (oArray1, oArray2) = oArray.partition{oFunc(it)}] [also: oMap = oArray.groupBy(oFunc)] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $vValue) $oMap[$oFunc($vValue)][] = $vValue] [WARNING: '$oMap[$vKey][] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [beforehand: $oMap = []] Python: for k,g in groupby(oList, oFunc): oDict[k] = list(g) [beforehand: oList = sorted(oList, key=oFunc)] [beforehand: oDict = {}] [requires: from itertools import groupby] R: oList = split(oVec, oFunc(oVec)) [e.g. oList = split(oVec, oVec %% 3 == 0)] [note: returns a list of lists] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.partition(&oFunc) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.partition{|v| oFunc.call(v)}] [also: group_by()] Rust: oMap: BTreeMap::<_,Vec<_>> = oArray.into_iter().fold(BTreeMap::new(), |mut a,v| {a.entry(oFunc(v)).or_default().push(v); a}) [requires: use std::collections::BTreeMap] [e.g. fn oFunc (vNum:i32) -> i32{vNum%2}] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: var (oArrayT, oArrayF) = oArray.partition(oFunc) [also: var oTuple = oArray.partition(oFunc)] [note (both): also works with lists] Swift: vPivot = oArray.partition(by:oFunc) [note: puts non-matches at start (before pivot) and matches at end (including pivot)] [WARNING: unstable sort (items are randomly shuffled)] [e.g. oNonMatch = oArray[..<vPivot].sorted()] [e.g. oMatch = oArray[vPivot...].sorted()] UFL: Array.Chunk [or Array.GroupN][split array to subarrays of n keys (last subarray can contain fewer keys)][array to array of arrays][see also: Array.GroupByWithIndex/Array.SliceTo/StrChunk][see also (inverse): Array.Flat][note: copy keys rather than create references] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i+=vCount) oVecNew.push_back(std::vector<int>(oVec.begin()+i, oVec.begin()+(i+vCount<oVec.size()?i+vCount:oVec.size())))] [beforehand: std::vector<std::vector<int>> oVecNew] [beforehand: oVecNew.reserve(oVec.size()/vCount+1)] C#: oChunks = oArray.Chunk(vCount).ToArray() Crystal: oChunks = oArray.each_slice(vCount).to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: int[][] oChunks = IntStream.iterate(0, i->i+vCount).limit((long)Math.ceil((double)oArray.length/vCount)).mapToObj(j->Arrays.copyOfRange(oArray, j, Math.min(j+vCount, oArray.length))).toArray(int[][]::new)] [requires: import java.util.*] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] [note: also works with strings, just replace 'int[][]' with 'String[][]' twice] JavaScript: ___ [can use: oChunks = Array(Math.ceil(oArray.length/vCount)).fill().map((v,k)=>oArray.slice(k*vCount, k*vCount+vCount))] Kotlin: oChunks = oArray.toList().chunked(vCount) PHP: $oChunks = array_chunk($oArray, $vCount) Python: oChunks = list(itertools.batched(oList, vCount)) [requires: import itertools] [also: oChunks = [oList[i:i+vCount] for i in range(0, len(oList), vCount)]] R: oChunks = split(oVec, ceiling(seq_along(oVec)/vCount)) [note: returns a list of lists] Ruby: oChunks = oArray.each_slice(vCount).to_a Rust: oChunks: Vec<Vec<i32>> = oVec.chunks(vCount).map(|v| v.to_vec()).collect() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.grouped(vCount).toArray Swift: ___ [can use: oChunks = stride(from:0, to:oArray.count, by:vCount).map{Array(oArray[$0..<min($0+vCount, oArray.count)])}] UFL: Array.Zip [combine multiple arrays (of equal length) into an array of 'tuple' arrays, the first 'tuple' contains the first element of each input array][e.g. 'oArray1 = ["a1", "a2", "a3"]'] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::transform(oVec1.begin(), oVec1.end(), oVec2.begin(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), [](const auto&v1, const auto&v2) {return std::vector<std::string>{v1,v2};}) [note: zips 2 vectors into a vector of vectors] C#: var oArrayNew = oArray1.Zip(oArray2, (v1,v2)=>(v1,v2)).Zip(oArray3, (o,v)=>new String[]{o.v1,o.v2,v}).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray1.zip(oArray2, oArray3) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: String[][] oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray1.length).mapToObj(i->new String[]{oArray1[i],oArray2[i],oArray3[i]}).collect(Collectors.toList()).toArray(String[][]::new) [also (for lists): List<List<String>> oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray1.length).mapToObj(i->Arrays.asList(oArray1[i],oArray2[i],oArray3[i])).collect(Collectors.toList())] [requires (IntStream/Collectors): import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray1.map((v,k)=>[v,oArray2[k],oArray3[k]]) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray1.mapIndexed{k,v->listOf(v,oArray2[k],oArray3[k])} [also (for 2 arrays only): oArrayNew = oArray1.zip(oArray2)] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map(null, $oArray1, $oArray2, $oArray3) Python: oListNew = list(zip(oList1, oList2, oList3)) R: oListNew = list(oVec1, oVec2, oVec3) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray1.zip(oArray2, oArray3) Rust: oVecNew = oArray1.into_iter().zip(oArray2.into_iter()).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray1.zip(oArray2) [also: oArrayNew = oArray1.lazyZip(oArray2).lazyZip(oArray3).toArray] [note (both): creates an array of tuples] [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = zip(oArray1, zip(oArray2, oArray3)).map{[$0,$1.0,$1.1]} [note: for tuples, use '($0,$1.0,$1.1)' instead] [also (for 2 input arrays only, and for pairs): oArrayNew = zip(oArray1, oArray2).map{[$0,$1]}] [note: for tuples, remove '.map{[$0,$1]}'] UFL: (Array.SetMultOverwriteMap) [array overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on a map][see also: Map.LoopKeyValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [also (add/overwrite keys based on an array): $oArray1 = array_replace($oArray1, $oArray2, $oArray3)] [note: array_replace() overwrites keys] [WARNING: array_merge() appends index keys (and overwrites keys with string names)] Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: for((k,v) <- oMap) oArray(k)=v] Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.SetMultOverwriteEntries) [array overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on entries (key-value pairs)][e.g. oEntries = [[3,"d"]], contains 1 entry, it would set the value of key 3 to 'd', throwing if the array was too small][see also: Array.LoopValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [can use: for((k,v) <- oEntries) oArray(k)=v] Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.SetMultSkipExistMap) [or Array.SetMultIfAbsent/Array.SetMultNoOverwrite][array combine, add values, if the key doesn't already exist, based on a map (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [also (add keys based on an array): $oArray1 += $oArray2] [note: assuming 2 arrays that satisfy array_is_list(), $oArray1 would only be modified if $oArray2 was longer ($oArray1 would receive the last keys of $oArray2)] Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.SetMultSkipExistEntries) [or Array.SetMultIfAbsent/Array.SetMultNoOverwrite][array combine, add values, if the key doesn't already exist, based on entries (key-value pairs) (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)][e.g. oEntries = [[3,"d"]], would set the value of key 3 to 'd', if key 3 'didn't exist', throwing if the array was too small] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Array.Default [define the default value returned when an element with no value is requested][see also: Array.GetOrDefault] AutoHotkey: oArray.Default := vValue C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: array of type Variant/Integer/Double/String initialised with Empty/0/0/"" respectively] Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ [can use (to fill in blanks): oArray = oArray.map{$0 ?? vDefault}] UFL: (Array.Next) [generate the next array e.g. [1,2,3] to [1,2,4], e.g. [1,9,9] to [2,0,0]][ideally: specify min/max values for each array item via an object][see also: StrNext] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.ToMap) [or Vector.ToMap][i.e. indexes become key names, values become values][see also: Array.PrintWithIndex/Array.Entries] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oMap[i] = oArray[i] [beforehand: std::map<int,std::string> oMap] C#: var oDict = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v}).ToDictionary(e=>e.k, e=>e.v) Crystal: oMap = oArray.each_with_index.map{|v,k| [k,v]}.to_h [also: oMap = ((0...oArray.size).zip oArray).to_h] [also: oMap = Hash.zip((0...oArray.size).to_a, oArray)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oMap.put(i, oArray[i]) [beforehand: LinkedHashMap<Integer,String> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>()] JavaScript: new Map(...[oArray.entries()]) Kotlin: oMap = oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!}.toMap() PHP: $oMap = $oArray [note: this creates a copy of the 'array' (the PHP array is a linear and associative array)] [note (to get integer keys only): $oArray = array_filter($oArray, fn($v,$k)=>is_int($k), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH)] Python: oDict = {k:v for k,v in enumerate(oList)} R: oMap = setNames(oVec, 1:length(oVec)) [also: oMap = setNames(oVec, seq_along(oVec))] [note: setNames param order: values then keys] Ruby: oMap = oArray.map.with_index{|v,k| [k,v]}.to_h [also: oMap = ((0...oArray.length).zip oArray).to_h] Rust: oMap = oArray.iter().enumerate().collect::<BTreeMap<_,_>>() [also: oMap = oVec.clone().into_iter().enumerate().collect::<BTreeMap<_,_>>()] Scala: oMap = oArray.zipWithIndex.map(e=>(e._2,e._1)).toMap Swift: oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:oArray.enumerated().map{($0,$1)}) UFL: (Array.ToObject) [i.e. indexes become property names, values become values] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in oArray.Select((v,k)=>new KeyValuePair<string,object>(k.ToString(),v))) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Add(oEntry) Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: oObj = {...oArray} [also: oObj = Object.assign({}, oArray)] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)$oArray Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**{str(k):v for k,v in enumerate(oList)}) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.ToBuffer) [array of integers to binary data buffer] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<vSize; i++) oBuf[i] = (unsigned char)oArray[i] [beforehand: unsigned char* oBuf = new unsigned char[vSize]] C#: byte[] oBuf = oArray.Select(v=>(byte)v).ToArray() Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oBuf[i] = (byte)oArray[i] [beforehand: byte[] oBuf = new byte[oArray.length]] JavaScript: oBuf = Uint8Array.from(oArray) [also: oBuf = new Uint8Array(oArray.length)] Kotlin: oBuf = ByteArray(oArray.size){k->oArray[k]!!.toByte()} [note: the ByteArray constructor takes a size and an int-to-byte function: <init>(size: Int, init: (Int) -> Byte)] [also: oBuf = oArray.map{it.toByte()}.toByteArray()] PHP: ___ Python: oBuf = bytearray(oList) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oBuf: Vec<u8> = oVec.into_iter().map(|v| v as u8).collect() Scala: oBuf = oArray.map(_.toByte) Swift: oBuf = [UInt8](repeating:0, count:oArray.count).enumerated().map{oArray[$0.0]} [note: failed with $0] UFL: Array.ToList [array to list] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [e.g. int array: std::list<int> oList(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray))] [e.g. string array: std::list<std::string> oList(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray))] [requires: #include <list>] C#: var oList = oArray.ToList() Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oSlice := oArray[:] Java: ___ [e.g. int array: var oList = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList())] [e.g. string array: var oList = Arrays.asList(oArray)] [also: string array: var oList = Arrays.stream(oArray).collect(Collectors.toList())] [also: string array: var oList = new ArrayList<String>(Arrays.asList(oArray))] [WARNING: e.g. for String[]/Integer[] (but not int[]), if do 'oList = Arrays.asList(oArray)', modifying oList or oArray modifies both] [WARNING: e.g. for int[], if do 'oList = Arrays.asList(oArray)', oList contains 1 int[], not 0 or more ints] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: var oList = oArray.toList() [also: var oList = oArray.toMutableList()] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: oList = oArray.toList Swift: ___ UFL: Array.FromList [or List.ToArray] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::copy(oList.begin(), oList.end(), oArray) [beforehand (string array): auto* oArray = new std::string[oList.size()]] [beforehand (int array): auto* oArray = new int[oList.size()]] C#: var oArray = oList.ToArray() Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: copy(oArray[:], oSlice) [note: if the array is smaller, values are omitted, if the array is larger, default values fill the gaps (e.g. 0/"")] Java: ___ [e.g. int[] oArray = oList.stream().mapToInt(v->v).toArray()] [e.g. String[] oArray = oList.toArray(new String[0])] [note: 'String[0]' is an optimisation (alternatively: 'String[oArray.length]')] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oArray = oList.toTypedArray() PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: oArray = oList.toArray Swift: ___ UFL: Array.ToVector [array to vector] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [e.g. int array: std::vector<int> oVec(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray))] [e.g. string array: std::vector<std::string> oVec(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray))] [requires: #include <vector>] C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oVec = oArray.to_vec() Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Array.FromVector [or Vector.ToArray] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::copy(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oArray) [also: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) oArray[i] = oVec[i]] [beforehand (string array): auto* oArray = new std::string[oVec.size()]] [beforehand (int array): auto* oArray = new int[oVec.size()]] C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oArray = oVec.try_into().expect("my error message") [WARNING: array and vector must have the same length] Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Array.IntToStrArray) [int array to string array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = std::to_string(oArray[i]) [e.g. int array to std::string array] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>v.ToString()).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&.to_s) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [can use: oSliceNew := strings.Fields(strings.Trim(fmt.Sprint(oArray), "[]"))] Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oArrayNew[i] = "" + oArray[i] [beforehand: var oArrayNew = new String[oArray.length]] [also: String[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToObj(String::valueOf).toArray(String[]::new)] [also: String[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToObj(Integer::toString).toArray(String[]::new)] [also: var oListNew = oList.stream().map(Object::toString).collect(Collectors.toList())] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(String) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>String(v))] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map{it.toString()}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{v->v.toString()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map("strval", $oArray) [also: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>strval($v), $oArray)] Python: oListNew = list(map(str, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:str(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = as.character(oVec) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&:to_s) Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| (*v).to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(_.toString) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map(String.init) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{String($0)}] UFL: (Array.StrToIntArray) [string array to int array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = std::stoi(oArray[i]) [e.g. std::string array to int array] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>Int32.Parse(v)).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&.to_i) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oArrayNew[i] = Integer.parseInt(oArray[i]) [beforehand: var oArrayNew = new String[oArray.length]] [also: int[] oArrayNew = Stream.of(oArray).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).toArray()] [also: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).toArray()] [also: var oListNew = oList.stream().mapToInt(Integer::parseInt).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList())] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>parseInt(v)) [WARNING: doesn't work because the key index is passed as the radix: oArray.map(parseInt)] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map{it.toInt()}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{v->v.toInt()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map("intval", $oArray) [also: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>intval($v), $oArray)] Python: oListNew = list(map(int, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:int(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = as.integer(oVec) [also: oVecNew = as.numeric(as.integer(oVec))] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&:to_i) Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| v.parse::<i32>().unwrap()).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(_.toInt) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.compactMap(Int.init) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.compactMap{Int($0)}] UFL: (Array.IntToFloatArray) [int array to float array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = (double)oArray[i] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>(double)v).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&.to_f) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oArrayNew[i] = (double)oArray[i] [beforehand: var oArrayNew = new double[oArray.length]] [also: double[] oArrayNew = IntStream.of(oArray).mapToDouble(v->(double)v).toArray()] [also: double[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToDouble(v->(double)v).toArray()] [also: var oListNew = oList.stream().mapToDouble(v->v).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList())] [also: double[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).asDoubleStream().toArray()] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray [the Number type handles ints and floats] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map{it.toDouble()}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{v->v.toDouble()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map("floatval", $oArray) [also: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>floatval($v), $oArray)] Python: oListNew = list(map(float, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:float(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = as.numeric(oVec) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&:to_f) Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| *v as f64).collect::<Vec<_>>() [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(_.toDouble) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map{Double($0)} UFL: (Array.FloatToIntArray) [float array to int array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = (int)oArray[i] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>(int)v).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&.to_i) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oArrayNew[i] = (int)oArray[i] [beforehand: var oArrayNew = new int[oArray.length]] [also: int[] oArrayNew = DoubleStream.of(oArray).mapToInt(v->(int)v).toArray()] [also: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToInt(v->(int)v).toArray()] [also: var oListNew = oList.stream().mapToInt(v->v.intValue()).boxed().collect(Collectors.toList())] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>parseInt(v)) [WARNING: doesn't work because the key index is passed as the radix: oArray.map(parseInt)] Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map{it.toInt()}.toTypedArray() [also: oArrayNew = oArray.map{v->v.toInt()}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map("intval", $oArray) [also: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>intval($v), $oArray)] Python: oListNew = list(map(int, oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:int(v), oList))] R: oVecNew = as.integer(oVec) [also: oVecNew = as.numeric(as.integer(oVec))] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&:to_i) Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| *v as i32).collect::<Vec<_>>() [also: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|&v| v as i32).collect::<Vec<_>>()] [note: also works with vectors] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(_.toInt) [note: also works with lists] Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map{Int($0)} Section: Map Methods UFL: Map.Print [print the key-value pairs][see also: PrintKeyValue/Map.ToString] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMap) std::cout << vKey << ":" << vValue << "\n" C#: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oDict)) [also: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oDict.Select(e=>$"{e.Key}:{e.Value}")))] [requires (Select): using System.Linq] Crystal: p oMap Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: fmt.Println(oMap) [requires: import "fmt"] Java: System.out.println(oMap) JavaScript: console.log(oMap) [also: console.log([...oMap.entries()].join("\n"))] Kotlin: println(oMap) PHP: var_export($oMap) [also: var_dump($oMap)] [also: print_r($oMap)] Python: print(oDict) R: for(vKey in names(oMap)) {print(paste(vKey, oMap[vKey], sep=": "))} [also: print(paste(names(oMap), oMap, sep = ": ", collapse = ", "))] Ruby: p oMap Rust: println!("{:?}", oMap) [also: println!("{:#?}", oMap)] [also (print using alphabetical/numerical order, via a BTreeMap): println!("{:?}", oMap.iter().collect::<BTreeMap<_,_>>())] [requires (BTreeMap): use std::collections::BTreeMap] Scala: println(oMap) Swift: print(oDict) [also (print using alphabetical/numerical order): print(oDict.map{($0,$1)}.sorted(by:{e1,e2 in e1.0<e2.0}))] UFL: Map.LoopKeyValue [loop through the items of a map/dictionary, get key-value pairs one-by-one] AutoHotkey: for vKey, vValue in oMap C++: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMap) C#: foreach (var oEntry in oDict) [also: foreach (KeyValuePair<string,string> oEntry in oDict)] [note: oEntry.Key, oEntry.Value] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMap.each do |vKey,vValue| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: For Each vValue In oColl [afterwards: Next] [WARNING: for a Collection object, can loop through values, but not keys, must store a list of keys manually] Go: for vKey, vValue := range oMap Java: for (var oEntry : oMap.entrySet()) [note: oEntry.getKey(), oEntry.getValue()] JavaScript: for (const [vKey, vValue] of oMap) [also (ES6): oMap.forEach(function(vValue, vKey)] Kotlin: for ((vKey, vValue) in oMap) PHP: foreach ($oMap as $vKey=>$vValue) Python: for vKey, vValue in oDict.items(): R: for(vKey in names(oMap)) [note: vValue = oMap[[vKey]]] [also: vValue = unname(oMap[vKey])] [note: double square brackets] Ruby: for vKey, vValue in oMap Rust: for (vKey, vValue) in &oMap [also: for oPair in &oMap] [note: can omit '&', if don't intend to iterate through map again] Scala: for((vKey,vValue) <- oMap) [also (tuple): for(oEntry <- oMap)] Swift: for (vKey, vValue) in oDict UFL: Map.ForEach [or Map.LoopForEach][call a function once for each item of a map][see also: Map.LoopKeyValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& [k,v] : oMap) oFunc(k, v)] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oDict) oFunc(e.Key,e.Value)] Crystal: oMap.each{|k,v| oFunc.call(k,v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oMap.forEach(oFunc) [also: oMap.forEach((k,v)->oFunc.accept(k,v))] [note: Func receives key/value] JavaScript: oMap.forEach(oFunc) [also: oMap.forEach((v,k)=>oFunc(k,v))] [note: Func receives value/key/object] Kotlin: oMap.forEach(oFunc) [also: oMap.forEach{(k,v)->oFunc(k,v)}] [note: Func receives key/value] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oMap as $k=>$v) $oFunc($k,$v)] Python: ___ [can use: for k,v in oDict.items(): oFunc(k,v)] R: for(vKey in names(oMap)) {oFunc(vKey, oMap[vKey])} Ruby: oMap.each_pair{|k,v| oFunc.call(k,v)} Rust: oMap.iter().for_each(|(k,v)| oFunc(k,v)) Scala: oMap.foreach(oFunc) [also: oMap.foreach(e=>oFunc(e))] [also: oMap.foreach((k,v)=>oFunc(k,v))] [note: Func receives key/value] Swift: oDict.forEach(oFunc) [also: oDict.forEach{oFunc($0,$1)}] [note: Func receives key/value] UFL: Map.NewEmpty [or Map.NewBasic][create an empty map] AutoHotkey: oMap := Map() [type: Map] [note: key order alphabetical (case-sensitive)] [note: AHK v1: key order alphabetical (case *insensitive*)] C++: std::map<std::string,std::string> oMap [requires: #include <map>] [note: key order alphabetical (case-sensitive)] [type: (mangled) (e.g. <int,int>/<double,double>/<std::string,std::string> maps)] C#: var oDict = new Dictionary<string,string> {} [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] [type: Dictionary`2 (e.g. <int,int>/<double,double>/<string,string> dictionaries)] Crystal: oMap = {} of String => String [type: e.g. Hash(String, String)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Set oColl = New Collection [also: Dim oColl As New Collection] [type: Collection] [note: 1-based] [note: an alternative class: Set oDict = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")] [WARNING: Excel Collection keys can't be retrieved via a loop, so store them in a separate array/collection] Go: oMap := make(map[string]string) [type: e.g. map[string]string] Java: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>() [requires: import java.util.*] [type: LinkedHashMap] JavaScript: oMap = new Map() [type: Map] Kotlin: oMap = mutableMapOf<String, String>() [also: mapOf()] [type (mutableMapOf): LinkedHashMap] [type (mapOf): SingletonMap] PHP: $oMap = [] [type: array] [also: array()] [note: an associative array that also has linear array functions] Python: oDict = {} [type: dict] R: oMap = character(0) [e.g. type: character] [e.g. oMap = numeric(0)] [e.g. type: double (class: numeric)] [also (1-item map to 0-item map): oMap = c(0)[-1]] [note: 1-based] [WARNING: for vectors, typeof/class report the type of the item] [i.e. for a 'map', we use a vector with named values] Ruby: oMap = {} [type: Hash] Rust: let mut oMap: HashMap<&str,&str> = HashMap::new() [type: e.g. std::collections::hash::map::HashMap<&str, &str>] [requires: use std::collections::HashMap] Scala: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[String,String]() [type: LinkedHashMap] [also: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.Map[String,String]()] [type (Map): HashMap] Swift: oDict = [String: String]() [type: e.g. Dictionary<String,String>] [WARNING: 'random' key order, not insertion order] [can use (insertion order, but allows duplicates) e.g. oDict: KeyValuePairs = ["k1":"v1", "k2":"v2", "k3":"v3"]] UFL: (Map.NewStrDemo) [initialise a map/dictionary with 3 items] AutoHotkey: oMap := Map("k1","v1", "k2","v2", "k3","v3") C++: std::map<std::string,std::string> oMap = {{"k1","v1"},{"k2","v2"},{"k3","v3"}} C#: var oDict = new Dictionary<string,string> {{"k1","v1"},{"k2","v2"},{"k3","v3"}} [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMap = {"k1"=>"v1","k2"=>"v2","k3"=>"v3"} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [e.g. Set oColl = New Collection] [e.g. Call oColl.Add("v1", "k1")] Go: oMap := map[string]string{"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2", "k3": "v3"} Java: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = Arrays.stream(oEntries).collect(LinkedHashMap::new, (a,e)->a.put(e[0],e[1]), Map::putAll) [also: for (String[] e : oEntries) oMap.put(e[0], e[1])] [also (random order, not insertion order): HashMap<String,String> oMap = new HashMap<>(Map.of("k1","v1", "k2","v2", "k3","v3"))] [e.g. String[][] oEntries = {{"k1","v1"},{"k2","v2"},{"k3","v3"}}] [requires: import java.util.*] [e.g. empty string/string map: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>()] JavaScript: oMap = new Map([["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]]) Kotlin: oMap = mutableMapOf("k1" to "v1", "k2" to "v2", "k3" to "v3") [also: mapOf()] PHP: $oMap = ["k1"=>"v1", "k2"=>"v2", "k3"=>"v3"] Python: oDict = {"k1":"v1", "k2":"v2", "k3":"v3"} R: oMap = c("k1"="v1", "k2"="v2", "k3"="v3") Ruby: oMap = {"k1"=>"v1","k2"=>"v2","k3"=>"v3"} Rust: let mut oMap = HashMap::from([("k1","v1"), ("k2","v2"), ("k3","v3")]) [requires: use std::collections::HashMap] Scala: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap("k1"->"v1", "k2"->"v2", "k3"->"v3") [also: var oMap = Map("k1"->"v1", "k2"->"v2", "k3"->"v3")] Swift: oDict = ["k1":"v1", "k2":"v2", "k3":"v3"] UFL: (Map.NewStrIntDemo) [initialise a map/dictionary with 3 items][see also: Tuple.NewDemo] AutoHotkey: oMap := Map("k1",1, "k2",2, "k3",3) C++: std::map<std::string,int> oMap = {std::make_pair("k1",1),std::make_pair("k2",2),std::make_pair("k3",3)} [requires (make_pair): #include <utility>] C#: var oDict = new[]{("k1",1),("k2",2),("k3",3)}.ToDictionary() [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMap = {"k1"=>1,"k2"=>2,"k3"=>3} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [e.g. Set oColl = New Collection] [e.g. Call oColl.Add(1, "k1")] Go: oMap := map[string]int{"k1": 1, "k2": 2, "k3": 3} Java: LinkedHashMap<String,Integer> oMap = Arrays.stream(oEntries).collect(LinkedHashMap::new, (a,e)->a.put(e[0],Integer.parseInt(e[1])), Map::putAll) [also: for (String[] e : oEntries) oMap.put(e[0], Integer.parseInt(e[1]))] [also (random order, not insertion order): HashMap<String,Integer> oMap = new HashMap<>(Map.of("k1",1, "k2",2, "k3",3))] [e.g. (store ints as strings, to later convert them to ints) String[][] oEntries = {{"k1","1"},{"k2","2"},{"k3","3"}}] [requires: import java.util.*] [e.g. empty string/int map: LinkedHashMap<String,Integer> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>()] JavaScript: oMap = new Map([["k1",1], ["k2",2], ["k3",3]]) Kotlin: oMap = mutableMapOf("k1" to 1, "k2" to 2, "k3" to 3) [also: mapOf()] PHP: $oMap = ["k1"=>1, "k2"=>2, "k3"=>3] Python: oDict = {"k1":1, "k2":2, "k3":3} R: oMap = c("k1"=1, "k2"=2, "k3"=3) Ruby: oMap = {"k1"=>1,"k2"=>2,"k3"=>3} Rust: let mut oMap = HashMap::from([("k1",1), ("k2",2), ("k3",3)]) [requires: use std::collections::HashMap] Scala: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap("k1"->1, "k2"->2, "k3"->3) [also: var oMap = Map("k1"->1, "k2"->2, "k3"->3)] Swift: oDict = ["k1":1, "k2":2, "k3":3] UFL: (Map.OrderType) [insertion order, alphabetical order, 'random' order (unordered)][e.g. what order does a loop return] AutoHotkey: ___ [key order: Map: alphabetical (case-sensitive)] [note: AHK v1: key order: alphabetical (case *insensitive*)] [can use (insertion order map): Scripting.Dictionary] C++: ___ [key order: std::map<std::string,std::string>: alphabetical (case-sensitive)] C#: ___ [key order: Dictionary<string,string>: insertion] Crystal: ___ [key order: Hash(String, String): insertion] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [key order: map[string]string: insertion] Java: ___ [key order: LinkedHashMap<String,String>: insertion (or optionally access)] [WARNING: key order: HashMap<String,String>: random] JavaScript: ___ [key order: Map: insertion] Kotlin: ___ [key order: mutableMapOf: insertion] PHP: ___ [key order: []: insertion] Python: ___ [key order: {}: insertion] R: ___ [key order: character: insertion] [note: vector] Ruby: ___ [key order: Hash: insertion] Rust: ___ [WARNING: key order: HashMap<&str, &str>: random] [note: BTreeMap uses alphabetical order (for strings)/numerical order (for ints)] Scala: ___ [key order: LinkedHashMap: insertion] Swift: ___ [WARNING: key order: [String: String]: random] UFL: Map.Keys [get keys as an array] AutoHotkey: oKeys := [oMap*] C++: for (const auto& [vKey, _] : oMap) oKeys.push_back(vKey) [beforehand: std::vector<std::string> oKeys] [beforehand (also): oKeys.reserve(oMap.size())] C#: var oKeys = oDict.Keys.ToArray() Crystal: oKeys = oMap.keys Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: String[] oKeys = oMap.keySet().toArray(new String[oMap.size()]) JavaScript: oKeys = [...oMap.keys()] [also (returns an iterator): oKeys = oMap.keys()] Kotlin: oKeys = oMap.keys PHP: $oKeys = array_keys($oMap) Python: oKeys = list(oDict) [also: oDict.keys()] R: oKeys = names(oMap) Ruby: oKeys = oMap.keys Rust: oKeys = oMap.keys() Scala: oKeys = oMap.keys().toArray Swift: oKeys = oDict.keys UFL: Map.Values [get values as an array] AutoHotkey: oValues := [oMap.__Enum(2).Bind(&_)*] C++: for (const auto& [_, vValue] : oMap) oValues.push_back(vValue) [beforehand: std::vector<std::string> oValues] [beforehand (also): oValues.reserve(oMap.size())] C#: var oValues = oDict.Values.ToArray() Crystal: oValues = oMap.values Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: String[] oValues = oMap.values().toArray(new String[oMap.size()]) JavaScript: oValues = [...oMap.values()] [also (returns an iterator): oValues = oMap.values()] Kotlin: oValues = oMap.values PHP: $oValues = array_values($oMap) Python: oValues = oDict.values() R: oValues = unname(oMap) Ruby: oValues = oMap.values Rust: oValues = oMap.values() Scala: oValues = oMap.values().toArray Swift: oValues = oDict.values UFL: Map.Entries [or Map.ToEntries][map to entries (key-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMap) oEntries.push_back({vKey, vValue}) [beforehand: std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> oEntries] [beforehand (also): oEntries.reserve(oMap.size())] [note: creates a vector of vectors] [also (to handle values of different types): std::pair] C#: string[][] oEntries = oDict.Select(e=>new[]{e.Key,e.Value}).ToArray() [note: creates an array of arrays] Crystal: oEntries = oMap.to_a [note: creates an array of tuples] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: String[][] oEntries = oMap.entrySet().stream().map(e->new String[]{e.getKey(),e.getValue()}).toArray(String[][]::new) [note: creates an array of tuples] JavaScript: oEntries = [...oMap.entries()] [note: creates an array of arrays] [also (returns an iterator): oEntries = oMap.entries()] Kotlin: oEntries = oMap.entries.toTypedArray() [note: creates an array of entries] [also (returns an iterator): oEntries = oMap.entries] [also (returns an array of pairs): oEntries = oMap.toList().toTypedArray()] PHP: foreach ($oMap as $vKey=>$vValue) array_push($oEntries, [$vKey, $vValue]) [beforehand: $oEntries = []] [also: $oEntries = array_map(function($oKey) use ($oMap) {return [$oKey, $oMap[$oKey]];}, array_keys($oMap))] [note: creates an array of arrays] Python: oEntries = list(oDict.items()) [note: returns a list of tuples] [also (returns an iterator): oEntries = oDict.items()] R: oEntries = Map(c, names(oMap), oMap, USE.NAMES=FALSE) [note: returns a list] Ruby: oEntries = oMap.to_a [note: creates an array of arrays] Rust: oEntries: Vec<(&&str,&&str)> = oMap.iter().collect() [note: creates a vector of tuples] Scala: oEntries = oMap.toArray [note: creates an array of tuples] Swift: oEntries = oDict.keys.map{[$0,oDict[$0]!]} [note: creates an array of arrays] [also (to tuples): oEntries = oDict.map{($0,$1)}] UFL: Map.Count [get key count][see also: Array.CountNonNull] AutoHotkey: vCount := oMap.Count C++: vCount = oMap.size() C#: vCount = oDict.Count Crystal: vCount = oMap.size Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vCount = oColl.Count Go: vCount = len(oMap) Java: vCount = oMap.size() JavaScript: vCount = oMap.size Kotlin: vCount = oMap.size [also: oMap.count()] PHP: $vCount = count($oMap) [also: sizeof($oMap)] Python: vCount = len(oDict) R: vCount = length(oMap) [also (exclude NAs): vCount = length(na.omit(oVec))] Ruby: vCount = oMap.size Rust: vCount = oMap.len() Scala: vCount = oMap.size Swift: vCount = oDict.count UFL: Map.Has [or Map.HasKey][does map have key with key name] AutoHotkey: vHasKey := oMap.Has(vKey) C++: vHasKey = oMap.count(vKey) [note: the 1-param version (overload) acts as a has-key method, returning 1 or 0] C#: vHasKey = oDict.ContainsKey(vKey) Crystal: vHasKey = oMap.has_key?(vKey) [also: oMap.includes?({vKey, vValue})] [WARNING: includes?() checks for a key-value pair, not a key] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [can use: 'Call oColl.Item(vKey)' with 'On Error GoTo', i.e. if it throws, the key doesn't exist] Go: vValue, vHasKey := oMap[vKey] Java: vHasKey = oMap.containsKey(vKey) JavaScript: vHasKey = oMap.has(vKey) Kotlin: vHasKey = oMap.contains(vKey) PHP: $vHasKey = array_key_exists($vKey, $oMap) Python: vHasKey = vKey in oDict [inverse: vKey not in oDict] R: vHasKey = vKey %in% names(oMap) Ruby: vHasKey = oMap.include?(vKey) [also (aliases): has_key?/member?/key?] Rust: vHasKey = oMap.contains_key(vKey) Scala: vHasKey = oMap.contains(vKey) Swift: vHasKey = oDict.keys.contains(vKey) [also: vHasKey = (oDict[vKey] != nil)] UFL: (Map.GetDemo) AutoHotkey: vValue := oMap["MyKey"] C++: vValue = oMap.at("MyKey") [also: vValue = oMap["MyKey"]] C#: vValue = oDict["MyKey"] Crystal: vValue = oMap["MyKey"] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vValue = oColl.Item("MyKey") Go: vValue := oMap["MyKey"] [also: vValue, vHasKey := oMap["MyKey"]] [WARNING: non-existent key: returns default value (e.g. 0/"")] Java: vValue = oMap.get("MyKey") JavaScript: vValue = oMap.get(vKey) [WARNING: gets property: vValue = oMap["MyKey"]] Kotlin: vValue = oMap["MyKey"] PHP: $vValue = $oMap["MyKey"] Python: vValue = oDict["MyKey"] R: vValue = oMap["MyKey"] Ruby: vValue = oMap["MyKey"] Rust: vValue = oMap.get("MyKey").cloned().unwrap() [also: vValue = oMap["MyKey"]] Scala: vValue = oMap.get("MyKey").get Swift: vValue = oDict["MyKey"] UFL: Map.Get [or Map[Key]] AutoHotkey: vValue := oMap[vKey] [also: vValue := oMap.Get(vKey)] [note: non-existent key: oMap[] and oMap.Get() throw] C++: vValue = oMap.at(vKey) [also: vValue = oMap[vKey]] [note: 'at' throws if key doesn't exist] [WARNING: oMap[vKey]: if vKey doesn't exist, 'vValue = oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. 0/""] C#: vValue = oDict[vKey] [note: non-existent key: throws] Crystal: vValue = oMap[vKey] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: vValue = oColl.Item(vKey) [also: oColl.Item(vIndex) / oColl(vKey) / oColl(vIndex)] [note: non-existent key: throws] [WARNING: it is not possible to get a list of a collection's key names] Go: vValue := oMap[vKey] [also: vValue, vHasKey := oMap[vKey]] [WARNING: non-existent key: returns default value (e.g. 0/"")] Java: vValue = oMap.get(vKey) [note: non-existent key: returns null] JavaScript: vValue = oMap.get(vKey) [note: non-existent key: returns undefined] [WARNING: gets property: vValue = oMap[vProp]] Kotlin: oOpt = oMap[vKey] [also: oOpt = oMap.get(vKey)] [note: non-existent key: returns null] [note: oMap[vKey] returns a nullable, oArray[vKey] returns a non-nullable (unless it's an array of nullables)] [e.g. vIsNull = (oOpt == null)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt!!] PHP: $vValue = $oMap[$vKey] [note: non-existent key: returns NULL] Python: vValue = oDict[vKey] [note: non-existent key: throws] R: vValue = oMap[vKey] Ruby: vValue = oMap[vKey] Rust: vValue = oMap.get(vKey).cloned().unwrap() [also: vValue = oMap[vKey]] Scala: vValue = oMap.get(vKey).get [note: non-existent key: get() returns None] Swift: vValue = oDict[vKey]! [note: non-existent key: throws] UFL: Map.GetOrDefault [if key non-existent/null, provide default (deviations from this are noted)] AutoHotkey: vValue := oMap.Get(vKey, vDefault) C++: ___ C#: vValue = oDict.GetValueOrDefault(vKey, vDefault) [WARNING: returns null if value is null] [note: if default omitted, the defaults for int/double/string are 0/0/"" respectively] [also: oDict[vKey] ?? vDefault] [WARNING: oDict[vKey] throws if key doesn't exist] Crystal: vValue = oMap.fetch(vKey, vDefault) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vValue = oMap.getOrDefault(vKey, vDefault) [WARNING: returns null if value is null] [also (appears to give the same results, except it returns default rather than null): Optional.ofNullable(oMap.get(vKey)).orElse(vDefault)] JavaScript: vValue = oMap.get(vKey) ?? vDefault [note: returns default if value is null/undefined] Kotlin: vValue = oMap.getOrElse(vKey, oFunc) [e.g. oMap.getOrElse(vKey){vDefault}] [e.g. oMap.getOrElse(vKey, {vDefault})] [note (unlike arrays): returns default if value is null] [also (appears to give the same results): oMap[vKey] ?: vDefault] [note: oMap[vKey] returns null if key doesn't exist] PHP: $vValue = $oMap[$vKey] ?? $vDefault Python: vValue = oDict.get(vKey, vDefault) [WARNING: returns None if value is None] R: ___ [can use: vValue = na.omit(c(oMap[vKey], vDefault))[1]] [note: 1-based] Ruby: vValue = oMap.fetch(vKey, vDefault) Rust: vValue = oMap.get(vKey).cloned().unwrap_or(vDefault) Scala: vValue = oMap.getOrElse(vKey, vDefault) Swift: vValue = oDict[vKey, default:vDefault] [WARNING: returns optional nil if value is optional nil] [also: vValue = oDict[vKey] ?? vDefault] [note: both approaches appear to give the same results] [note (both): returns default if key doesn't exist] [note: oDict[vKey] returns nil if key doesn't exist] UFL: (Map.SetDemo) AutoHotkey: oMap["MyKey"] := "MyValue" C++: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" C#: oDict["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Crystal: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Call oColl.Add("MyValue", "MyKey") Go: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Java: oMap.put("MyKey", "MyValue") JavaScript: oMap.set("MyKey", "MyValue") [WARNING: sets property: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue"] Kotlin: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" PHP: $oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Python: oDict["MyKey"] = "MyValue" R: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Ruby: oMap["MyKey"] = "MyValue" Rust: oMap.insert("MyKey", "MyValue") Scala: oMap("MyKey") = "MyValue" [also: oMap.put("MyKey", "MyValue")] Swift: oDict["MyKey"] = "MyValue" UFL: Map.Set [or Map[Key]] AutoHotkey: oMap[vKey] := vValue [also: oMap.Set(vKey, vValue)] C++: oMap[vKey] = vValue [WARNING: oMap.insert({vKey,vValue}) *doesn't* overwrite keys] C#: oDict[vKey] = vValue Crystal: oMap[vKey] = vValue Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Call oColl.Add(vValue, vKey) [WARNING: value then key] [WARNING: key names are *case-insensitive* strings] [note: key names are optional, however, every key has a 1-based index] [note: to 'modify' a value you use Remove then Add (the key order can be maintained via Add's Before/After params)] Go: oMap[vKey] = vValue Java: oMap.put(vKey, vValue) JavaScript: oMap.set(vKey, vValue) [WARNING: sets property: oMap[vProp] = vValue] Kotlin: oMap[vKey] = vValue [also: oMap.set(vKey, vValue)] [also: oMap.put(vKey, vValue)] PHP: $oMap[$vKey] = $vValue Python: oDict[vKey] = vValue [also: oMap.update({vKey:vValue})] [WARNING: oMap.setdefault(vKey, vValue) *doesn't* overwrite keys] R: oMap[vKey] = vValue Ruby: oMap[vKey] = vValue Rust: oMap.insert(vKey, vValue) [note: insert() can both add and modify keys] [WARNING: oMap[vKey] syntax can be used to read keys, but not add/modify them] Scala: oMap(vKey) = vValue [also: oMap.put(vKey, vValue)] Swift: oDict[vKey] = vValue UFL: Map.Swap [swap 2 elements] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::swap(oMap[vKey1], oMap[vKey2]) [also: std::swap(oMap.at(vKey1), oMap.at(vKey2))] [WARNING: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. 0/""] C#: (oDict[vKey1], oDict[vKey2]) = (oDict[vKey2], oDict[vKey1]) [note: destructuring assignment] Crystal: oMap[vKey1], oMap[vKey2] = oMap[vKey2], oMap[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oMap[vKey1], oMap[vKey2] = oMap[vKey2], oMap[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: [$oMap[$vKey1], $oMap[$vKey2]] = [$oMap[$vKey2], $oMap[$vKey1]] [note: destructuring assignment] Python: oDict[vKey1], oDict[vKey2] = oDict[vKey2], oDict[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] R: ___ Ruby: oMap[vKey1], oMap[vKey2] = oMap[vKey2], oMap[vKey1] [note: destructuring assignment] Rust: ___ Scala: oMapNew = oMap.clone.addOne(vKey1, oMap(vKey2)).addOne(vKey2, oMap(vKey1)) [deprecated: oMapNew = oMap.updated(vKey1, oMap(vKey2)).updated(vKey2, oMap(vKey1))] Swift: (oDict[vKey1], oDict[vKey2]) = (oDict[vKey2], oDict[vKey1]) [note: destructuring assignment] [note: swap() fails with 'overlapping accesses' error: swap(&oDict[vKey1], &oDict[vKey2])] UFL: Map.Delete [delete a key] AutoHotkey: oMap.Delete(vKey) C++: oMap.erase(vKey) C#: oDict.Remove(vKey) Crystal: oMap.delete(vKey) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: oColl.Remove(vKey) [also: oColl.Remove(vIndex)] Go: delete(oMap, vKey) Java: oMap.remove(vKey) JavaScript: oMap.delete(vKey) Kotlin: oMap.remove(vKey) PHP: $oMap[$vKey] = null [also: unset($oMap[$vKey])] Python: del oDict[vKey] [also: oDict.pop(vKey) and oDict.popitem(vKey)] R: oMapNew = oMap[names(oMap) != vKey] Ruby: oMap.delete(vKey) Rust: oMap.remove(vKey) Scala: oMap.remove(vKey) Swift: oDict[vKey] = nil UFL: Map.Clear [delete all keys] AutoHotkey: oMap.Clear() C++: oMap.clear() C#: oDict.Clear() Crystal: oMap.clear Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Set oColl = New Collection Go: clear(oMap) Java: oMap.clear() JavaScript: oMap.clear() Kotlin: oMap.clear() PHP: $oMap = [] [also: array_splice($oMap, 0, count($oMap))] [note: appears to work even if the map has no '0' key] Python: oDict.clear() R: oMap = head(oMap, 0) Ruby: oMap.clear Rust: oMap.clear() Scala: oMap.clear Swift: oDict.removeAll() UFL: Map.Clone [or Map.Copy][copy the entire map] AutoHotkey: oMapNew := oMap.Clone() C++: std::map<std::string,std::string> oMapNew = oMap [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] C#: var oDictNew = new Dictionary<string,string>(oDict) Crystal: oMapNew = oMap.clone Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ [note: 'Set oCollNew = oColl' creates a reference, unlike arrays, where 'Set oArrayNew = oArray' is invalid, and 'oArrayNew = oArray' clones the array] Go: ___ [WARNING: Go maps lack a clone method] Java: var oMapNew = new LinkedHashMap<>(oMap) JavaScript: oMapNew = new Map(oMap) Kotlin: oMapNew = oMap.toMutableMap() [also: oMapNew = oMap.toMap()] PHP: $oMapNew = $oMap [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Python: oDictNew = oDict.copy() R: oMapNew = oMap [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Ruby: oMapNew = oMap.clone Rust: oMapNew = oMap.clone() Scala: var oMapNew = oMap.clone Swift: oDictNew = oDict [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] UFL: Map.FromEntries [or Entries.ToMap][create a map from an array of entries, each entry is an array containing a key and a value][e.g. 'oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]]'] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [e.g. oMap.insert({{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}})] [e.g. oMap.insert(oEntries.begin(), oEntries.end())] [beforehand: std::map<std::string,std::string> oMap] [beforehand (also): std::pair<std::string,std::string> oEntries[] = {{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}}] C#: var oDict = oEntries.ToDictionary(e=>e[0], e=>e[1]) Crystal: oMap = oEntries.to_h [e.g. oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]]] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = Arrays.stream(oEntries).collect(LinkedHashMap::new, (a,e)->a.put(e[0],e[1]), Map::putAll) [also: for (String[] e : oEntries) oMap.put(e[0], e[1])] [e.g. LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>()] [e.g. String[][] oEntries = {{"k1","v1"},{"k2","v2"},{"k3","v3"}}] [also: Map<String,String> oMap = IntStream.range(0, oEntries.length).boxed().collect(Collectors.toMap(i->oEntries[i][0], i->oEntries[i][1]))] JavaScript: oMap = new Map(oEntries) Kotlin: oMap = oEntries.map{Pair(it[0],it[1])}.toMap() [also: oMap = oEntries.map{e->Pair(e[0],e[1])}.toMap()] [e.g. oEntries = arrayOf(arrayOf("k1","v1"), arrayOf("k2","v2"), arrayOf("k3","v3"))] [also: oMap = oEntriesPairs.toMap()] [e.g. oEntriesPairs = arrayOf(Pair("k1", "v1"), Pair("k2", "v2"), Pair("k3", "v3"))] PHP: array_reduce($oEntries, function($vAccum, $oEntry) use (&$oMap) {$oMap[$oEntry[0]] = $oEntry[1];}) [beforehand: $oMap = []] Python: oDict = dict(oEntries) R: oMap = setNames(sapply(oEntries, "[[", 2), sapply(oEntries, "[[", 1)) [e.g. oEntries = Map(c, c("k1","k2","k3"), c("v1","v2","v3"), USE.NAMES=FALSE)] Ruby: oMap = oEntries.to_h [e.g. oEntries = [["k1","v1"], ["k2","v2"], ["k3","v3"]]] Rust: oMap = HashMap::from(oEntries) [e.g. oEntries = [("k1","v1"), ("k2","v2"), ("k3","v3")]] [also: oMap = oEntriesVec.clone().into_iter().collect::<HashMap<_,_>>()] [e.g. oEntriesVec: Vec<_> = vec![("k1","v1"), ("k2","v2"), ("k3","v3")]] Scala: var oMap = oEntries.toMap [e.g. specify map type: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap.from(oEntries)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:oEntries.map{($0[0],$0[1])}) [note: failed with $0 and $1] UFL: Map.FromFlatEntries [create a map from an array of alternating keys/values][e.g. 'oFlatEntries = ["k1","v1", "k2","v2", "k3","v3"]'][see also: Array.Chunk/Map.FromEntries/Array.Zip/Array.GroupBy/Array.FilterGetEveryNth] AutoHotkey: oMap := Map(oFlatEntries*) C++: ___ C#: oDict = oFlatEntries.Chunk(2).ToDictionary(e=>e[0], e=>e[1]) Crystal: oMap = oFlatEntries.each_slice(2).to_h Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oMap = new Map(Array(oFlatEntries.length/2).fill().map((v,k)=>oFlatEntries.slice(k*2, k*2+2))) Kotlin: oMap = oFlatEntries.toList().chunked(2).map{Pair(it[0],it[1])}.toMap() PHP: array_reduce(array_chunk($oFlatEntries, 2), function($vAccum, $oEntry) use (&$oMap) {$oMap[$oEntry[0]] = $oEntry[1];}) [beforehand: $oMap = []] Python: oDict = dict(itertools.batched(oFlatEntries, 2)) [requires: import itertools] [also: oDict = dict([oFlatEntries[i:i+2] for i in range(0, len(oFlatEntries), 2)])] R: oMap = setNames(oVec[c(F, T)], oVec[c(T, F)]) [note: can use TRUE/FALSE instead of T/F] Ruby: oMap = oFlatEntries.each_slice(2).to_h Rust: oMap = oFlatEntries.chunks(2).map(|e| (e[0],e[1])).collect::<HashMap<_,_>>() Scala: var oMap = oArray.grouped(2).map(v=>(v(0),v(1))).toMap [e.g. specify map type: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap.from(oEntries)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:zip(oTemp[0]!, oTemp[1]!)) [beforehand: var oTemp = Dictionary(grouping:oFlatEntries.enumerated(), by:{$0.0%2}).mapValues{$0.map{$0.element}}] [also (approach 2): oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:oEntries.map{($0[0],$0[1])}) [beforehand (approach 2): oEntries = stride(from:0, to:oFlatEntries.count, by:2).map{Array(oFlatEntries[$0..<min($0+2, oFlatEntries.count)])}] UFL: Map.FromTwoArrays [or Map.FromKeysValues][create a map by combining a key array and a value array (of equal length)][see also: Array.Zip] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: std::map::insert() multiple times] C#: var oDict = oKeys.Zip(oValues, (k,v)=>new{k,v}).ToDictionary(e=>e.k, e=>e.v) [also: var oDict = Enumerable.Range(0, oKeys.Length).ToDictionary(i=>oKeys[i], i=>oValues[i])] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oMap = oKeys.zip(oValues).to_h Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: Map<String,String> oMap = IntStream.range(0, oKeys.length).boxed().collect(Collectors.toMap(i->oKeys[i], i->oValues[i])) JavaScript: oMap = new Map(oKeys.map((v,k)=>[v,oValues[k]])) [note: where v is a key name, and k is an array index] Kotlin: oMap = oKeys.zip(oValues).toMap() PHP: $oMap = array_combine($oKeys, $oValues) Python: oDict = dict(zip(oKeys, oValues)) R: oMap = setNames(oValues, oKeys) Ruby: oMap = oKeys.zip(oValues).to_h Rust: oMap = oKeys.into_iter().zip(oValues.into_iter()).collect::<HashMap<_,_>>() [also (loop): for (k,v) in oKeys.into_iter().zip(oValues.into_iter()) {oMap.insert(k,v);}] [beforehand (loop): let mut oMap: HashMap<&str,&str> = HashMap::new()] [e.g. oKeys = ["k1", "k2", "k3"]] [e.g. oValues = ["v1", "v2", "v3"]] Scala: var oMap = oArray1.zip(oArray2).toMap [e.g. specify map type: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap.from(oEntries)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:zip(oKeys, oValues)) UFL: Map.SetMultOverwriteMap [map overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on another map][see also: Map.ForEach/Map.FromEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use (replace ';' with LF): for vKey, vValue in oMapAddIn; oMap[vKey] := vValue] C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMapAddIn) oMap[vKey] = vValue] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oDictAddIn) oDict[e.Key] = e.Value] Crystal: oMap.merge!(oMapAddIn) [note: in Crystal, update() modifies 1 key based on a function, it doesn't merge 2 maps] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: maps.Copy(oMap, oMapAddIn) Java: oMap.putAll(oMapAddIn) JavaScript: oMap = new Map([...oMap, ...oMapAddIn, ...oMapAddIn2]) Kotlin: oMap += oMapAddIn [WARNING: unlike PHP, this overwrites keys] PHP: $oMap = array_replace($oMap, $oMapAddIn, $oMapAddIn2) [also: $oMap = array_merge($oMap, $oMapAddIn, $oMapAddIn2)] [note: array_replace treats all key names consistently, array_merge uses special handling for numeric keys] Python: oDict.update(oDictAddIn) [also: oDict |= oDictAddIn] [also: oDict = {**oDict, **oDictAddIn, **oDictAddIn2}] R: ___ [can use: oMap[names(oMapAddIn)] = oMapAddIn] [e.g. oMap = c("k1"="v1", "k2"="v2", "k3"="v3")] Ruby: oMap.update(oMapAddIn) [note: alias: merge] Rust: oMap.extend(oMapAddIn.clone()) Scala: oMap.addAll(oMapAddIn) Swift: oDict = oDict.merging(oDictAddIn){(_,v2) in v2} [note: '{(_,v2) in v2}': it receives 2 values and returns 1] UFL: Map.SetMultOverwriteEntries [map overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on entries (key-value pairs)][see also: Map.FromEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use: oMap.Set(vKey1,vValue1, vKey2,vValue2, vKey3,vValue3)] [can use (replace ';' with LF): for _, oEntry in oEntries; oMap[oEntry[1]] := oEntry[2]] C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oEntries) oMap[vKey] = vValue] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oEntries) oDict[e[0]] = e[1]] Crystal: oMap.merge!(oEntries.to_h) [note: in Crystal, update() modifies 1 key based on a function, it doesn't merge 2 maps] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var e : oEntries) oMap.put(e[0], e[1])] JavaScript: oMap = new Map([...oMap, ...oEntries]) Kotlin: ___ [can use: for (oEntry in oEntries) oMap[oEntry[0]] = oEntry[1]] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oEntries as $e) $oMap[$e[0]] = $e[1]] Python: oDict.update(oEntries) R: ___ Ruby: oMap.update(oEntries.to_h) [note: alias: merge] Rust: ___ [can use: for [vKey, vValue] in &oEntries {oMap.insert(vKey, vValue);}] Scala: oMap.addAll(oEntries) Swift: ___ [can use: for e in oEntries {oDict[e[0]] = e[1]}] UFL: Map.SetMultSkipExistMap [or Map.SetMultIfAbsent/Map.SetMultNoOverwrite][map combine, add values, if the key doesn't already exist, based on another map (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)][see also: Map.ForEach/Map.FromEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use (replace ';' with LF): for vKey, vValue in oMapAddIn; if !oMap.Has(vKey); oMap[vKey] := vValue] C++: ___ [can use: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMapAddIn) oMap.insert({vKey,vValue})] [WARNING: insert() *doesn't* overwrite keys] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oDictAddIn) if (!oDict.ContainsKey(e.Key)) oDict[e.Key] = e.Value] Crystal: oMap.merge!(oMapAddIn){|k,v1,v2| v1} [note: in Crystal, update() modifies 1 key based on a function, it doesn't merge 2 maps] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oMapAddIn.forEach(oMap::putIfAbsent) JavaScript: ___ [can use: oMapAddIn.forEach((v,k)=>!oMap.has(k) && oMap.set(k,v))] Kotlin: oMap += oMapAddIn - oMap.keys PHP: $oMap += $oMapAddIn [note: unlike Kotlin, this *doesn't* overwrite keys] Python: ___ [can use: oDictCopy = oDict.copy(); oDict.update(oDictAddIn); oDict.update(oDictCopy)] [can use (replace ';' with LF): for vKey, vValue in oDictAddIn.items():; if vKey not in oDict:; oDict[vKey] = vValue] R: ___ Ruby: oMap.update(oMapAddIn){|k,v1,v2| v1} [note: alias: merge] Rust: ___ [can use: for (vKey, vValue) in &oMapAddIn {if !oMap.contains_key(vKey) {oMap.insert(vKey, vValue);}}] Scala: oMapAddIn.foreach((k,v)=>oMap.getOrElseUpdate(k,v)) Swift: oDict = oDict.merging(oDictAddIn){(v1,_) in v1} [note: '{(v1,_) in v1}': it receives 2 values and returns 1] UFL: Map.SetMultSkipExistEntries [or Map.SetMultIfAbsent/Map.SetMultNoOverwrite][map combine, add values, if the key doesn't already exist, based on entries (key-value pairs) (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)][see also: Map.FromEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use (replace ';' with LF): for _, oEntry in oEntries; if !oMap.Has(oEntry[1]); oMap[oEntry[1]] := oEntry[2]] C++: ___ [e.g. oMap.insert({{"k1","v1"}, {"k2","v2"}, {"k3","v3"}})] [e.g. oMap.insert(oEntries.begin(), oEntries.end())] [WARNING: insert() *doesn't* overwrite keys] C#: ___ [can use: foreach (var e in oEntries) if (!oDict.ContainsKey(e[0])) oDict[e[0]] = e[1]] Crystal: oMap.merge!(oEntries.to_h){|k,v1,v2| v1} [note: in Crystal, update() modifies 1 key based on a function, it doesn't merge 2 maps] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var e : oEntries) if (!oMap.containsKey(e[0])) oMap.put(e[0], e[1])] JavaScript: ___ [can use: oEntries.forEach(e=>!oMap.has(e[0]) && oMap.set(...e))] Kotlin: ___ [can use: for (oEntry in oEntries) if (!oMap.contains(oEntry[0])) oMap[oEntry[0]] = oEntry[1]] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oEntries as $e) !array_key_exists($e[0], $oMap) && $oMap[$e[0]] = $e[1]] Python: ___ [can use: oDictCopy = oDict.copy(); oDict.update(oEntries); oDict.update(oDictCopy)] [can use (replace ';' with LF): for oEntry in oEntries:; if oEntry[0] not in oDict:; oDict[oEntry[0]] = oEntry[1]] R: ___ Ruby: oMap.update(oEntries.to_h){|k,v1,v2| v1} [note: alias: merge] Rust: ___ [can use: for [vKey, vValue] in &oEntries {if !oMap.contains_key(vKey) {oMap.insert(vKey, vValue);}}] Scala: oEntries.foreach((k,v)=>oMap.getOrElseUpdate(k,v)) Swift: ___ [can use: for e in oEntries {if (!oDict.keys.contains(e[0])) {oDict[e[0]] = e[1]}}] UFL: Map.Flip [flip keys/values][assumes no duplicates amongst values][see also: Array.Zip/Map.MapValues] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use (replace ';' with LF): oMapNew := Map(); for vKey, vValue in oMap; oMapNew[vValue] := vKey] C++: for (auto e = oMap.begin(); e != oMap.end(); ++e) oMapNew[e->second] = e->first [beforehand: std::map<std::string,std::string> oMapNew] C#: oDictNew = oDict.ToDictionary(e=>e.Value, e=>e.Key) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMapNew = oMap.invert Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (var e : oMap.entrySet()) oMapNew.put(e.getValue(), e.getKey()) [beforehand: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMapNew = new LinkedHashMap<>()] [also: var oMapNew = oMap.entrySet().stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getValue, Map.Entry::getKey))] JavaScript: oMapNew = new Map(Array.from(oMap, e=>e.reverse())) [also: oMapNew = new Map(Array.from(oMap, ([k,v])=>[v,k]))] Kotlin: oMapNew = oMap.map{(k,v)->v to k}.toMap() PHP: $oMapNew = array_flip($oMap) Python: oDictNew = {v:k for k,v in oDict.items()} [also: oDictNew = dict((v,k) for k,v in oDict.items())] [also: oDictNew = dict(zip(oDict.values(), oDict.keys()))] R: oMapNew = setNames(names(oMap), unname(oMap)) [note: setNames param order: values then keys] Ruby: oMapNew = oMap.invert Rust: oMapNew: HashMap::<_,_> = oMap.iter().map(|(k,v)| (v,k)).collect() Scala: var oMapNew = oMap.map(_.swap) [note: preserves map type] Swift: oDictNew = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:oDict.map{($1,$0)}) UFL: Map.MultiFlip [or Map.FlipMulti][flip keys/values][handles duplicates amongst values][key-value pairs to key-array pairs] AutoHotkey: ___ [can use (replace ';' with LF): oMapNew := Map(); for vKey, vValue in oMap; if oMapNew.Has(vValue); oMapNew[vValue].Push(vKey); else; oMapNew[vValue] := [vKey]] C++: for (const auto& [vKey, vValue] : oMap) oMapNew[vValue].push_back(vKey) [beforehand: std::map<std::string,std::vector<std::string>> oMapNew] [requires: #include <vector>] [requires: #include <map>] [WARNING: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. an empty vector] C#: oDictNew = oDict.GroupBy(e=>e.Value).ToDictionary(g=>g.Key, g=>g.Select(e=>e.Key).ToArray()) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMapNew = oMap.each_with_object({} of String=>Array(String)){|(k,v),o|(o[v]||=[] of String)<<k} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oMapNew = oMap.entrySet().stream().collect(Collectors.groupingBy(Map.Entry::getValue, Collectors.mapping(Map.Entry::getKey, Collectors.toList()))) JavaScript: for (const [k,v] of oMap) oMapNew.has(v) ? oMapNew.get(v).push(k) : oMapNew.set(v, [k]) [beforehand: oMapNew = new Map()] Kotlin: oMapNew = oMap.entries.groupBy({it.value}, {it.key}) [also: oMapNew = oMap.toList().groupBy{it.second}.mapValues{it.value.map{it.first}}] PHP: foreach ($oMap as $vKey=>$vValue) $oMapNew[$vValue][] = $vKey [WARNING: '$oMap[$vKey][] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [beforehand: $oMapNew = []] Python: for k,v in oDict.items(): oDictNew.setdefault(v, []).append(k) [beforehand: oDictNew = {}] [also: for k,v in oDict.items(): oDictNew[v] = oDictNew.get(v, []) + [k]] R: oList = split(oMap, unname(oMap)) [afterwards: for(vKey in names(oList)) oList[[vKey]] = names(oList[[vKey]])] Ruby: oMapNew = oMap.each_with_object({}){|(k,v),o|(o[v]||=[])<<k} Rust: oMapNew: HashMap::<_,Vec<_>> = oMap.iter().fold(HashMap::new(), |mut a,e| {a.entry(e.1).or_default().push(e.0); a}) [also (loop): for (k,v) in &oMap {oMapNew.entry(v).or_default().push(k);}] [beforehand (loop): let mut oMapNew = BTreeMap::<_, Vec<_>>::new()] [requires: use std::collections::BTreeMap] Scala: var oMapNew = oMap.toList.groupBy(_._2).view.mapValues(_.map(_._1)).toMap [e.g. specify map type: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap.from(oEntries)] [WARNING (all): groupBy doesn't preserve order] [e.g. preserve order: var oMapNew = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[String,List[String]]().withDefaultValue(List[String]()); oMap.foreach((k,v)=>oMap(v):+=k)] Swift: oDictNew = Dictionary(oDict.map{($1,[$0])}, uniquingKeysWith:{(v1,v2) in v1+v2}) UFL: Map.MapValues [map values: apply a function to each value][see also: Map.Flip/Map.Values/Array.Zip/Map.FromEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: oDictNew = oDict.ToDictionary(e=>e.Key, e=>oFunc(e.Value)) [requires: using System.Linq] [requires: using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: oMapNew = oMap.transform_values{|v| oFunc.call(v)} [also: oMapNew = oMap.transform_values(&oFunc)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oMapNew = oMap.entrySet().stream().collect(Collectors.toMap(Map.Entry::getKey, e->oFunc.apply(e.getValue()))) JavaScript: oMapNew = new Map(Array.from(oMap, e=>[e[0],oFunc(e[1])])) Kotlin: oMapNew = oMap.mapValues{oFunc(it)} [also: oMapNew = oMap.mapValues(oFunc)] PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oMap as $vKey=>$vValue) $oMapNew[$vKey] = $oFunc($vValue)] [beforehand: $oMapNew = []] Python: oDictNew = {k:oFunc(v) for k,v in oDict.items()} [also: oDictNew = dict((k,oFunc(v)) for k,v in oDict.items())] [also: oDictNew = dict(zip(oDict.keys(), map(oFunc, oDict.values())))] R: oMapNew = mapply(oFunc, oMap) Ruby: oMapNew = oMap.transform_values{|v| oFunc.call(v)} [also: oMapNew = oMap.transform_values(&oFunc)] Rust: oMapNew: HashMap::<_,_> = oMap.iter().map(|(k,v)| (k,oFunc(v.to_string()).to_string())).collect() Scala: var oMapNew = oMap.view.mapValues(oFunc).toMap [also: var oMapNew = oMap.view.mapValues(oFunc(_)).toMap] [e.g. specify map type: scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap.from(oEntries)] Swift: oDictNew = oDict.mapValues{oFunc($0)} [also: oDictNew = oDict.mapValues(oFunc)] UFL: Map.KeyOf [return first key that contains value][can be used as Map.HasVal/Map.Any][see also: Array.IndexOf/Array.HasVal/Array.Any/Array.Find] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: auto oIter = std::find_if(std::begin(oMap), std::end(oMap), [&](const std::pair<std::string, std::string> &pair) {return pair.second == vNeedle;})] [afterwards (1): auto vIsMatch = (oIter != std::end(oMap))] [afterwards (2): auto vKey = oIter->first] [requires (std::find_if): #include <algorithm>] C#: vKey = oDict.FirstOrDefault(e=>e.Value == vNeedle).Key Crystal: vKey = oMap.key_for(vNeedle) [note: throws if no match] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oOpt = oMap.entrySet().stream().filter(e->e.getValue()==vNeedle).findFirst().map(Map.Entry::getKey) [note: findFirst() returns an optional, map() modifies a non-empty optional, and leaves unchanged an empty optional] [also (other languages): safe navigation operator, Rust's map_or()] JavaScript: ___ [can use: vKey = [...oMap.entries()].find(e=>e[1]==vNeedle)[0]] Kotlin: vKey = oMap.entries.find{it.value == vNeedle}?.key [note: returns null if no match] PHP: $vKey = array_search($vNeedle, $oMap) [WARNING: returns false if no match] Python: vKey = next((k for k,v in oDict.items() if v == vNeedle), None) R: vKey = names(oMap)[match(vValue, oMap)] [note: returns NA if no match] Ruby: vKey = oMap.key(vNeedle) [note: returns nil if no match] Rust: oOpt = oMap.iter().find_map(|(k,&v)| if v == vNeedle {Some(k)} else {None}) [e.g. vIsMatch = oOpt.is_some()] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap_or(vDefault)] [e.g. vValue = oOpt.unwrap()] Scala: oOptKey = oMap.find(_._2==vNeedle).map(_._1) [also: vKey = oMap.find(_._2==vNeedle).get._1] [note: find() returns an optional, map() modifies a non-empty optional, and leaves unchanged an empty optional] Swift: vKey = oDict.first(where:{$0.value == vNeedle})?.key [note: returns nil if no match] UFL: (Map.Equals) [do the contents of 2 maps match (at least one level deep) (same key-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: vIsMatch = (oMap1 == oMap2) C#: ___ [can use: vIsMatch = (oDict1.Count == oDict2.Count) && oDict1.Keys.All(k=>oDict2.ContainsKey(k) && (oDict1[k] == oDict2[k]))] Crystal: vIsMatch = (oMap1 == oMap2) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vIsMatch := reflect.DeepEqual(oMap1, oMap2) [requires: import "reflect"] Java: vIsMatch = oMap1.equals(oMap2) JavaScript: ___ [can use: vIsMatch = (oMap1.size == oMap2.size) && Array.from(oMap1.keys()).every(k=>oMap2.has(k) && (oMap1.get(k) === oMap2.get(k)))] Kotlin: vIsMatch = oMap1.equals(oMap2) [also: vIsMatch = (oMap1 == oMap2)] PHP: $vIsMatch = ($oMap1 === $oMap2) [note: == compares contents, === compares contents (stricter), neither compare references] Python: vIsMatch = (oDict1 == oDict2) R: vIsMatch = identical(oMap1, oMap2) Ruby: vIsMatch = (oMap1 == oMap2) Rust: vIsMatch = oMap1.eq(&oMap2) Scala: vIsMatch = oMap1.equals(oMap2) [also: vIsMatch = (oMap1 == oMap2)] Swift: vIsMatch = (oDict1 == oDict2) UFL: Map.Default [define the default value returned when an element with no value is requested][see also: Map.GetOrDefault] AutoHotkey: oMap.Default := vDefault C++: ___ [note: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]' creates a key with the default value, e.g. 0/""/an empty vector] [note: if vKey doesn't exist, 'oMap[vKey]++' creates a key with the default value, e.g. 0, then increments it] C#: ___ Crystal: ___ [can use (when creating a map): oMap = Hash(String, String).new(vDefault)] [can use (modify existing map): if do oMap1.merge!(oMap2), oMap2 will determine the default value] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [note: '$oMap[$vKey][] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [also (increment using default 0): $oMap[$vKey] = ($oMap[$vKey] ?? 0) + 1] Python: ___ [can use (when creating a dict): oDict = defaultdict(oFunc)] [e.g. oDict = defaultdict(lambda: 0)] [e.g. oDict = defaultdict(list)] [requires: from collections import defaultdict] R: ___ Ruby: oMap.default = vDefault Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [e.g. new map: var oMap = scala.collection.mutable.LinkedHashMap[String,Int]().withDefaultValue(0)] [e.g. new map: var oMap = Map[String,Int]().withDefaultValue(0)] [e.g. modifiable default value: var oMap = Map[String,Int]().withDefault(k=>vDefault)] Swift: ___ UFL: (Map.ToObject) [map to object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in oDict) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Add(oEntry) [beforehand: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject()] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var oEntry : oMap.entrySet())] [note: oEntry.getKey(), oEntry.getValue()] [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: oObj = Object.fromEntries(oMap.entries()) Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)$oMap Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**oDict) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Map.ToString [map to string][see also: String/Map.Print] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: String.Join("\n", oDict)] [can use: String.Join("\n", oDict.Select(e=>$"{e.Key}:{e.Value}"))] [requires (Select): using System.Linq] Crystal: oMap.to_s Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: fmt.Sprintf("%v", oMap) Java: oMap.toString() JavaScript: [...oMap.entries()].join("\n") [WARNING (only prints a type name): String(oMap)] [WARNING (only prints a type name): oMap.toString()] Kotlin: oMap.toString() PHP: ___ [can use: var_export($oMap, true)] [also: print_r($oMap, true)] Python: str(oDict) R: paste(names(oMap), oMap, sep = ": ", collapse = ", ") [also (returns values only): toString(oMap)] [also: capture.output(print(oMap))] Ruby: oMap.to_s Rust: format!("{:?}", oMap) [also: format!("{:#?}", oMap)] Scala: oMap.toString Swift: String(describing:oDict) [also: oDict.description] [also: String(reflecting:oDict)] [also (sorted dict): String(describing:oDict.map{($0,$1)}.sorted(by:{e1,e2 in e1.0<e2.0}))] UFL: (Map.ToIni) [map to ini file string] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Map.CaseSense [set whether key names are case-sensitive/case-insensitive] AutoHotkey: oMap.CaseSense := vMode C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [note: a related function: array_change_key_case(): 'Changes the case of all keys in an array'] Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ Section: Object Methods UFL: Object.Print [print the property-value pairs][see also: PrintKeyValue/Object.ToString] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", oObj)) [also: Console.WriteLine(String.Join("\n", (IDictionary<string,object>)oObj))] Crystal: p oObj Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: fmt.Println(oObj) [WARNING: prints values but not property names] [also (print property names and types): fmt.Printf("%T\n", oObj)] [also: fmt.Printf("%T%[1]v\n", oObj)] [also: fmt.Printf("%#v\n", oObj)] Java: for (Field f : oObj.getClass().getFields()) {try {System.out.println(f.getName() + " " + f.get(oObj));} catch (Exception e) {}} [requires: import java.lang.reflect.Field] [e.g. works with int/float/string values] JavaScript: console.log(oObj) [also: console.log(JSON.stringify(oObj, null, 4))] [also: console.log(Object.entries(oObj).join("\n"))] Kotlin: ___ PHP: var_export($oObj) [also: var_dump($oObj)] [also: print_r($oObj)] Python: print(oObj) R: print(oObj) [also: mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj))] [also: paste(slotNames(oObj), mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj)), sep = ": ", collapse = ", ")] Ruby: p oObj Rust: println!("{:?}", oObj) [also: println!("{:#?}", oObj)] [note: to print a struct instance via println, you must add '#[derive(Debug)]' above the struct definition] Scala: for (f <- oObj.getClass.getDeclaredFields) {f.setAccessible(true); println((f.getName, f.get(oObj)))} [note: case class: outputs values: println(oObj)] [WARNING: non-case class: outputs type name: println(oObj)] Swift: print(oObj) UFL: Object.LoopPropValue [loop through the items of an object, get property-value pairs one-by-one] AutoHotkey: for vProp, vValue in oObj.OwnProps() C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in (IDictionary<string,object>)oObj) [note: oEntry.Key, oEntry.Value] [also (for anonymous type): foreach (var oEntry in oObj.GetType().GetProperties())] [note (for anonymous type): oEntry.Name, oEntry.GetValue(oObj)] Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [can use: reflect.ValueOf(oObj)] [MAJOR WARNING: retrieving info may fail if field names don't start with capital letters (upper case)] [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: for (Field oField : oObj.getClass().getFields()) [note: property/value: oField.getName(), oField.get(oObj)] [note: get()/set() must be within a try block] [requires: import java.lang.reflect.Field] JavaScript: for (const [vProp, vValue] of Object.entries(oObj)) [also: for (var vProp in oObj)] Kotlin: ___ PHP: foreach ($oObj as $vProp=>$vValue) Python: for vProp, vValue in oObj.__dict__.items(): R: for(vProp in slotNames(oObj)) [note: vValue = slot(oObj, vProp)] Ruby: for vProp, vValue in oObj.each_pair [also: vValue = oObj[:"#{vProp}"]] [also: for vValue in oObj] Rust: ___ Scala: for (oField <- oObj.getClass.getDeclaredFields) [note: property/value: oField.getName, oField.get(oObj)] Swift: for (vProp, vValue) in Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children UFL: Object.ForEach [or Object.LoopForEach][call a function once for each item of an object][see also: Object.LoopPropValue/Object.ToMap] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: ___ [can use: new Map(Object.entries(oObj)).forEach(oFunc)] [note: Func receives value/key/object] Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: for(vProp in slotNames(oObj)) {oFunc(vProp, slot(oObj, vProp))} Ruby: oObj.each_pair{|p,v| oFunc.call(p,v)} Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: ___ UFL: Object.NewEmpty [or Object.NewBasic][create an empty JavaScript-like object (dot notation e.g. 'vValue = oObj.MyProp', modify/add properties) for storing properties][can modify and add properties, unless stated] AutoHotkey: oObj := {} [type: Object] C++: ___ [can use: 'struct MyStructEmp' and a function body] [afterwards: MyStructEmp oObj] [note: can't add properties] [type: (custom)] C#: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject() [note: can modify/add properties] [also (anonymous type: read-only: can't add/modify properties): e.g. var oObj = new {p1="v1", p2="v2", p3="v3"}] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] [type: ExpandoObject] [type (anonymous type): e.g. <>f__AnonymousType0`3] Crystal: ___ [e.g. record MyStructEmp] [afterwards: oObj = MyStructEmpEmp.new()] [note: can't add properties] [type: (custom) e.g. MyStructEmp] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [e.g. oObj := struct{}{}] [type: struct {}] Java: ___ [can use: 'public static class MyClass' and a function body with some 'public' properties] [afterwards: MyClass oObj = new MyClass()] [note: can't add properties] [type: (custom)] JavaScript: oObj = {} [type: Object] Kotlin: ___ [can use: 'data class MyDataClass' with a function body, then 'oObj = MyDataClass()'] [also (for a singleton): 'oSingleton = object' with a function body, then 'oSingleton.MyProp'] [note (for both): can't add properties] [type (data class): simple name: (custom), qualified name: null] [type (singleton): null] PHP: $oObj = new stdClass() [type: object (class: stdClass)] [note: member access: uses '->', not '.'] Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace() [type: SimpleNamespace] [note: oObj.__dict__ returns a dict object] [requires: from types import SimpleNamespace] R: ___ [note: setClass requires at least one slot] Ruby: ___ [e.g. MyStructEmp = Struct.new("MyStructEmp")] [afterwards: oObj = MyStructEmp.new()] [note: can't add properties] [type: Class (e.g. MyStructEmp.class returns 'Class', MyStructEmp.superclass returns 'Struct')] Rust: ___ [e.g. struct MyStructEmp {}] [afterwards: oObj = MyStructEmp {}] [note: can't add properties] [type: (custom)] Scala: ___ [can use: class MyClass()] [afterwards: var oObj = new MyClass()] [type: (custom) e.g. MyClass] Swift: ___ [e.g. struct MyStructEmp] [afterwards: oObj = MyStructEmp()] [note: can't add properties] [type: (custom)] UFL: (Object.NewStrDemo) [initialise a JavaScript-like object with 3 items (or the nearest equivalent)] AutoHotkey: oObj := {p1:"v1", p2:"v2", p3:"v3"} C++: struct MyStruct {std::string p1="v1"; std::string p2="v2"; std::string p3="v3";} [afterwards: MyStruct oObj] [note: can't add properties] C#: foreach (var oEntry in (new Dictionary<string,object>{{"p1","v1"},{"p2","v2"},{"p3","v3"}})) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Add(oEntry) [beforehand: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject()] [also (anonymous type: read-only: can't add/modify properties): var oObj = new {p1="v1", p2="v2", p3="v3"}] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] [requires (Dictionary): using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: ___ [e.g. record MyStruct, p1 : String, p2 : String, p3 : String] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct.new("v1", "v2", "v3")] [note: can't add properties] [MAJOR WARNING: Crystal forces property names to start with a lower-case letter] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [e.g. oObj := struct {p1 string; p2 string; p3 string}{"v1", "v2", "v3"}] Java: public static class MyClass {public String p1="v1", p2="v2", p3="v3";} [afterwards: MyClass oObj = new MyClass()] [note: can't add properties] JavaScript: oObj = {p1:"v1", p2:"v2", p3:"v3"} Kotlin: data class MyDataClass(var dummy:String="") {var p1="v1"; var p2="v2"; var p3="v3"} [afterwards: oObj = MyDataClass()] [note: can't add properties] PHP: $oObj = (object)["p1"=>"v1", "p2"=>"v2", "p3"=>"v3"] Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**{"p1":"v1", "p2":"v2", "p3":"v3"}) [requires: from types import SimpleNamespace] R: ___ [e.g. MyStruct = setClass("MyStruct", slots = c(p1="character", p2="character", p3="character"))] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct(p1="v1", p2="v2", p3="v3")] Ruby: ___ [e.g. MyStruct = Struct.new("MyStruct", "p1", "p2", "p3")] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct.new("v1", "v2", "v3")] [note: can't add properties] Rust: ___ [e.g. struct MyStruct {p1:String, p2:String, p3:String}] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct {p1:"v1".to_string(), p2:"v2".to_string(), p3:"v3".to_string()}] [note: can't add properties] Scala: ___ [can use: class MyClass(var p1: String="v1", var p2: String="v2", var p3: String="v3")] [afterwards: var oObj = new MyClass()] [type: (custom) e.g. MyClass] Swift: ___ [e.g. struct MyStruct {var p1="v1"; var p2="v2"; var p3="v3"}] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct()] [note: can't add properties] UFL: (Object.NewStrIntDemo) [initialise a JavaScript-like object with 3 items][see also: Tuple.NewDemo] AutoHotkey: oObj := {p1:1, p2:2, p3:3} C++: struct MyStruct {int p1=1; int p2=2; int p3=3;} [afterwards: MyStruct oObj] [note: can't add properties] C#: foreach (var oEntry in (new Dictionary<string,object>{{"p1",1},{"p2",2},{"p3",3}})) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Add(oEntry) [beforehand: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject()] [also (anonymous type: read-only: can't add/modify properties): var oObj = new {p1=1, p2=2, p3=3}] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] [requires (Dictionary): using System.Collections.Generic] Crystal: ___ [e.g. record MyStruct, p1 : Int32, p2 : Int32, p3 : Int32] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct.new(1, 2, 3)] [note: can't add properties] [MAJOR WARNING: Crystal forces property names to start with a lower-case letter] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [e.g. oObj := struct {p1 int; p2 int; p3 int}{1, 2, 3}] Java: public static class MyClass {public int p1=1, p2=2, p3=3;} [afterwards: MyClass oObj = new MyClass()] [note: can't add properties] JavaScript: oObj = {p1:1, p2:2, p3:3} Kotlin: data class MyDataClass(var dummy:String="") {var p1=1; var p2=2; var p3=3} [afterwards: oObj = MyDataClass()] [note: can't add properties] PHP: $oObj = (object)["p1"=>1, "p2"=>2, "p3"=>3] Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**{"p1":1, "p2":2, "p3":3}) [requires: from types import SimpleNamespace] R: ___ [e.g. MyStruct = setClass("MyStruct", slots = c(p1="numeric", p2="numeric", p3="numeric"))] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct(p1=1, p2=2, p3=3)] Ruby: ___ [e.g. MyStruct = Struct.new("MyStruct", "p1", "p2", "p3")] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct.new(1, 2, 3)] [note: can't add properties] Rust: ___ [e.g. struct MyStruct {p1:i32, p2:i32, p3:i32}] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct {p1:1, p2:2, p3:3}] [note: can't add properties] Scala: ___ [can use: class MyClass(var p1: Int=1, var p2: Int=2, var p3: Int=3)] [afterwards: var oObj = new MyClass()] [type: (custom) e.g. MyClass] Swift: ___ [e.g. struct MyStruct {var p1=1; var p2=2; var p3=3}] [afterwards: oObj = MyStruct()] [note: can't add properties] UFL: (Object.OrderType) [insertion order, alphabetical order, 'random' order (unordered)][e.g. what order does a loop return] AutoHotkey: ___ [key order: {}: alphabetical (case *insensitive*) (AHK v1: also case-insensitive)] C++: ___ C#: ___ [key order: ExpandoObject (and anonymous type): insertion] Crystal: ___ [key order: MyStruct: insertion] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [key order: struct {}: insertion] Java: ___ [key order: MyClass: insertion] JavaScript: ___ [key order: {}: insertion] Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [key order: stdClass: insertion] Python: ___ [key order: SimpleNamespace: insertion] R: ___ [key order: MyStruct: insertion] Ruby: ___ [key order: MyStruct: insertion] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [key order: MyClass: insertion] Swift: ___ [key order: Struct: insertion] UFL: Object.PropNames [or Object.OwnPropNames/Object.Props/Object.OwnProps] AutoHotkey: oProps := [oObj.OwnProps()*] C++: ___ C#: var oProps = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Keys Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: oProps = Object.keys(oObj) [also: Object.getOwnPropertyNames(oObj)] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oProps = array_keys(get_object_vars($oObj)) Python: oProps = list(oObj.__dict__) [also: oObj.__dict__.keys()] R: oProps = slotNames(oObj) Ruby: oProps = oObj.members [also: oProps = oObj.to_h.keys] [also: oProps = oObj.each_pair.map{|p,v|p}] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: oProps = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.map{$0.0!} [note: failed with $0] UFL: Object.Values [or Object.OwnValues] AutoHotkey: oValues := [oObj.OwnProps().Bind(&_,)*] C++: ___ C#: var oValues = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Values Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: oValues = Object.values(oObj) Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oValues = array_values(get_object_vars($oObj)) Python: oValues = oObj.__dict__.values() R: ___ [can use: oValues = unname(mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj)))] Ruby: oValues = oObj.to_a [also: oValues = oObj.to_h.values] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: oValues = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.map{$1} UFL: (Object.Entries) [or Object.ToEntries/Object.OwnEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: string[][] oEntries = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Select(e=>new[]{e.Key,(string)e.Value}).ToArray() Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: oEntries = Object.entries(oObj) [note: returns an array, not an iterator (unlike oArray.entries() and oMap.entries())] Kotlin: ___ PHP: foreach (get_object_vars($oObj) as $vProp=>$vValue) array_push($oEntries, [$vProp, $vValue]) [beforehand: $oEntries = []] Python: oEntries = oObj.__dict__.items() R: oEntries = Map(c, names(oMap), oMap, USE.NAMES=FALSE) [beforehand: oMap = mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj))] [note: returns a list] Ruby: oEntries = oObj.each_pair.to_a [also: oEntries = oObj.to_h.to_a] [note (both): creates an array of arrays] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: oEntries = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.map{[$0!,$1]} UFL: Object.OwnPropCount [or Object.PropCount/Object.Count] AutoHotkey: vCount := ObjOwnPropCount(oObj) C++: ___ [can use (e.g. if all members of the same size, e.g. std::string): e.g. 'vCount = sizeof(oObj)/sizeof(std::string)', e.g. 'vCount = sizeof(MyStruct)/sizeof(std::string)'] C#: vCount = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Count Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: vCount = oObj.getClass().getFields().length JavaScript: vCount = Object.keys(oObj).length [also: Object.getOwnPropertyNames(oObj).length] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $vCount = count(get_object_vars($oObj)) [also: count((array)$oObj)] Python: vCount = len(oObj.__dict__) R: vCount = length(slotNames(oObj)) Ruby: vCount = oObj.length [also: vCount = oObj.size] [also: vCount = oObj.count] Rust: ___ Scala: vCount = oObj.getClass().getDeclaredFields.length Swift: vCount = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.count UFL: Object.Has [or Object.HasOwn/HasOwnProp/HasOwnProperty][does object have property with property name] AutoHotkey: vHasProp := oObj.HasOwnProp(vProp) C++: ___ C#: vHasProp = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).ContainsKey(vProp) Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: vHasProp = (vProp in oObj) [also: oObj.hasOwn(vProp)] [also: oObj.hasOwnProperty(vProp)] [note: '(vProp in oObj)' works on all properties, not just own properties] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $vHasProp = property_exists($oObj, $vProp) Python: vHasProp = vProp in oObj.__dict__ [inverse: vProp not in oObj.__dict__] R: vHasProp = .hasSlot(oObj, vProp) Ruby: vHasProp = oObj.members.include?(:"#{vProp}") [e.g. oObj.members.include?(:MyProp)] [also (alias): oObj.members.member?] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: vHasProp = (Mirror(reflecting:oObj).descendant(vProp) != nil) UFL: (Object.GetDemo) AutoHotkey: vValue := oObj.MyProp C++: vValue = oObj.MyProp C#: vValue = oObj.MyProp Crystal: vValue = oObj.myProp Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vValue := oObj.MyProp Java: vValue = oObj.MyProp JavaScript: vValue = oObj.MyProp Kotlin: vValue = oObj.MyProp PHP: $vValue = $oObj->MyProp Python: vValue = oObj.MyProp R: vValue = slot(oObj, "MyProp") [also: vValue = oObj@MyProp] Ruby: vValue = oObj.MyProp Rust: vValue = oObj.MyProp Scala: vValue = oObj.MyProp Swift: vValue = oObj.MyProp UFL: Object.Get [or Object[Prop]] AutoHotkey: vValue := oObj.%vProp% C++: ___ [e.g. vValue = oObj.MyProp] C#: vValue = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp] [note: may want to append '.ToString()'] Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: vValue = oObj[vProp] Kotlin: ___ [e.g. vValue = oObj.MyProp] PHP: $vValue = $oObj->$vProp Python: vValue = oObj.__dict__[vProp] R: vValue = slot(oObj, vProp) Ruby: vValue = oObj[:"#{vProp}"] Rust: ___ [e.g. vValue = oObj.MyProp] Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: vValue = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).descendant(vProp)! UFL: Object.GetOrDefault [if property non-existent/null, provide default (deviations from this are noted)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: vValue = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp] ?? vDefault [note: may want to append '.ToString()'] [note: doesn't work: ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).GetValueOrDefault(vProp, vDefault)] [WARNING: ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp] throws if property doesn't exist] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: vValue = oObj[vProp] ?? vDefault [note: returns default if value is null/undefined] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $vValue = $oObj->$vProp ?? $vDefault Python: vValue = oObj.__dict__.get(vProp, vDefault) [WARNING: returns None if value is None] R: ___ Ruby: vValue = oObj.members.include?(:"#{vProp}") ? oObj[:"#{vProp}"] : vDefault Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: vValue = Mirror(reflecting:oObj).descendant(vProp) ?? vDefault [WARNING: returns optional nil if value is optional nil] [note: returns default if key doesn't exist] UFL: (Object.SetDemo) AutoHotkey: oObj.MyProp := "MyValue" C++: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" C#: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Crystal: oObj = oObj.copy_with(myProp: "MyValue") [e.g. oObj = oObj.copy_with(myProp1: "MyValue1", myProp2: "MyValue2", myProp3: "MyValue3") Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Java: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" JavaScript: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Kotlin: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" PHP: $oObj->MyProp = "MyValue" Python: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" R: slot(oObj, "MyProp") = "MyValue" [also: oObj@MyProp = "MyValue"] Ruby: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Rust: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Scala: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" Swift: oObj.MyProp = "MyValue" UFL: Object.Set [or Object[Prop]] AutoHotkey: oObj.%vProp% := vValue [also: oObj.DefineProp(vPropName, oDescriptor)] [e.g. oObj.MyProp := vValue] C++: ___ [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] C#: ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp] = vValue [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] [note: to modify an existing value: oField.set(oObj, vValue)] [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] JavaScript: oObj[vProp] = vValue [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] Kotlin: ___ [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] PHP: $oObj->$vProp = $vValue [e.g. $oObj->MyProp = $vValue] Python: oObj.__dict__[vProp] = vValue [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] R: slot(oObj, vProp) = vValue Ruby: oObj[:"#{vProp}"] = vValue [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] Rust: ___ [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] [note: to modify an existing value: oField.set(oObj, vValue)] [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] Swift: ___ [e.g. oObj.MyProp = vValue] UFL: Object.Swap [swap 2 elements] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [e.g. std::swap(oObj.MyProp1, oObj.MyProp2)] C#: (((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp1], ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp2]) = (((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp2], ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[vProp1]) [note: destructuring assignment] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [can use: oObj.MyProp1, oObj.MyProp2 = oObj.MyProp2, oObj.MyProp1] [note: destructuring assignment] Java: ___ JavaScript: [oObj[vProp1], oObj[vProp2]] = [oObj[vProp2], oObj[vProp1]] [also: e.g. [oObj.MyProp1, oObj.MyProp2] = [oObj.MyProp2, oObj.MyProp1]] [note: destructuring assignment] Kotlin: ___ PHP: [$oObj->$vProp1, $oObj->$vProp2] = [$oObj->$vProp2, $oObj->$vProp1] [note: destructuring assignment] Python: oObj.__dict__[vProp1], oObj.__dict__[vProp2] = oObj.__dict__[vProp2], oObj.__dict__[vProp1] [note: destructuring assignment] R: ___ Ruby: oObj[:"#{vProp1}"], oObj[:"#{vProp2}"] = oObj[:"#{vProp2}"], oObj[:"#{vProp1}"] [note: destructuring assignment] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Object.DeleteProp [or Object.DeleteOwnProp][i.e. reduce the property count by 1] AutoHotkey: oObj.DeleteProp(vProp) C++: ___ C#: ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Remove(vProp) Crystal: ___ [can use (if the type allows nils): oObj.myProp = nil] [e.g. type union: String | Int32 | Nil] [e.g. type union: String?] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [note: to assign null: oObj.MyProp = null] JavaScript: delete oObj[vProp] Kotlin: ___ [note: to assign null: oObj.MyProp = null] PHP: unset($oObj->$vProp) [note: to assign null: $oObj->$vProp = null] Python: del oObj.__dict__[vProp] [also: oObj.__dict__.pop(vProp) and oObj.__dict__.popitem(vProp)] R: ___ Ruby: ___ [note: to assign null: oObj.MyProp = nil] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [note: to assign null: oObj.MyProp = null] Swift: ___ [note: to assign null: oObj.MyProp = nil] UFL: (Object.DeleteOwnProps) [or Object.Clear/Object.DeleteProps] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [note: to reset values to the defaults: 'oObj = {}', also: 'oObj = MyStruct()'] C#: ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Clear() Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: oObj.__dict__.clear() R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ [note: to reset values to the defaults: oObj = MyStruct()] UFL: (Object.Clone) [or Object.Copy][copy the entire object][typically a shallow copy] AutoHotkey: oObjNew := oObj.Clone() C++: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] C#: foreach (var oEntry in (IDictionary<string,object>)oObj) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObjNew).Add(oEntry) [beforehand: dynamic oObjNew = new ExpandoObject()] Crystal: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] [also (e.g. structs defined via the 'record' macro:) oObj = oObj.clone] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Java: ___ JavaScript: oObjNew = structuredClone(oObj) [also (with caveats): oObjNew = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(oObj))] [also (with caveats): oObjNew = Object.assign({}, oObj)] Kotlin: oObjNew = oObj.copy() PHP: $oObjNew = (object)(array)$oObj [also (to deep copy, with caveats): $oObjNew = unserialize(serialize($oObj))] Python: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**oObj.__dict__) [also: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**vars(oObj))] [also: oObjNew = copy.copy(oObj)] [also: oObjNew = copy.deepcopy(oObj)] R: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Ruby: oObjNew = oObj.clone Rust: oObjNew = oObj.clone() [note: to clone a struct instance via clone, you must add '#[derive(Copy, Clone)]' above the struct definition (or use impl)] Scala: ___ [can use (if a case class): oObjNew = oObj.copy] Swift: oObjNew = oObj [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] UFL: (Object.FromEntries) [or Entries.ToObject][create an object from an array of entries, each entry is an array containing a property name and a value][e.g. 'oEntries = [["p1","v1"], ["p2","v2"], ["p3","v3"]]'] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in oEntries) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[oEntry[0]] = oEntry[1] [beforehand: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject()] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var oEntry : oEntries)] [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: oObj = Object.fromEntries(oEntries) Kotlin: ___ PHP: array_reduce($oEntries, function($vAccum, $oEntry) use (&$oMap) {$oMap[$oEntry[0]] = $oEntry[1];}) [beforehand: $oMap = []] [afterwards: $oObj = (object)$oMap] Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**dict(oEntries)) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.FromFlatEntries) [create an object from an array of alternating property names/values][e.g. 'oFlatEntries = ["p1","v1", "p2","v2", "p3","v3"]'][see also: Array.Chunk/Object.FromEntries/Map.FromFlatEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in oFlatEntries.Chunk(2).ToArray()) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[oEntry[0]] = oEntry[1] [beforehand: dynamic oObj = new ExpandoObject()] [requires (ExpandoObject): using System.Dynamic] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oObj = Object.fromEntries(oMap.entries()) [beforehand: oMap = new Map(Array(oFlatEntries.length/2).fill().map((v,k)=>oFlatEntries.slice(k*2, k*2+2)))] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)$oMap [beforehand (2): array_reduce(array_chunk($oFlatEntries, 2), function($vAccum, $oEntry) use (&$oMap) {$oMap[$oEntry[0]] = $oEntry[1];})] [beforehand (1): $oMap = []] Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**oDict) [beforehand: oDict = dict(itertools.batched(oFlatEntries, 2))] [requires: import itertools] [also: oDict = dict([oFlatEntries[i:i+2] for i in range(0, len(oFlatEntries), 2)])] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.FromTwoArrays) [or Object.FromPropsValues/Object.FromKeysValues][create an object by combining a property name array and a value array (of equal length)][see also: Array.Zip] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var i in Enumerable.Range(0, oProps.Length)) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)[oProps[i]] = oValues[i] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var vValue : oArray)] [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: oObj = Object.fromEntries(oProps.map((v,k)=>[v,oValues[k]])) [note: where v is a property name, and k is an array index] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)array_combine($oProps, $oValues) Python: oObj = SimpleNamespace(**dict(zip(oProps, oValues))) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.SetMultOverwriteMap) [object overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on a map] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var oEntry : oMap.entrySet())] [note: oEntry.getKey(), oEntry.getValue()] [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: oObj = {...oObj, ...Object.fromEntries(oMap.entries())}] [also (from objects): oObj1 = {...oObj1, ...oObj2, ...oObj3}] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)array_replace((array)$oObj, $oMap) [also: $oObj = (object)array_merge((array)$oObj, $oMap)] [also (from objects): $oObj1 = (object)array_replace((array)$oObj1, (array)$oObj2, (array)$oObj3)] [also (from objects): $oObj1 = (object)array_merge((array)$oObj1, (array)$oObj2, (array)$oObj3)] [note: array_replace treats all key names consistently, array_merge uses special handling for numeric keys] Python: oObj.__dict__.update(oDict) [also (from objects): oObj1.__dict__.update(oObj2.__dict__)] R: ___ [can use: for(vKey in names(oMap)) {slot(oObj, vKey) = unname(oMap[vKey])}] [e.g. oMap = c("p1"="v1NEW", "p2"="v2NEW", "p3"="v3NEW")] Ruby: oMap.each_pair{|k,v| oObj[:"#{k}"]=v} Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.SetMultOverwriteEntries) [object overwrite/combine/merge, overwrite/add values, based on entries (key-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oObj = {...oObj, ...Object.fromEntries(oEntries)} Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: oEntries.each{|k,v| oObj[:"#{k}"]=v} [also: oEntries.each{|e| oObj[:"#{e[0]}"]=e[1]}] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.SetMultSkipExistMap) [or Object.SetMultIfAbsent/Object.SetMultNoOverwrite][object combine, add values, if the property doesn't already exist, based on a map (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (var oEntry : oMap.entrySet())] [note: oEntry.getKey(), oEntry.getValue()] [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObj = (object)((array)$oObj + $oMap) [also (from objects): $oObj1 = (object)((array)$oObj1 + (array)$oObj2)] [note: unlike Kotlin, this *doesn't* overwrite keys] Python: ___ [can use: oDictCopy = oObj.__dict__.copy(); oObj.__dict__.update(oDict); oObj.__dict__.update(oDictCopy)] [also (from objects): oDictCopy = oObj1.__dict__.copy(); oObj1.__dict__.update(oObj2.__dict__); oObj1.__dict__.update(oDictCopy)] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.SetMultSkipExistEntries) [or Object.SetMultIfAbsent/Object.SetMultNoOverwrite][object combine, add values, if the property doesn't already exist, based on entries (key-value pairs) (add only, don't overwrite) (maintain original values)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: Object.Flip [flip properties/values][assumes no duplicates amongst values][see also: Array.Zip] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: dynamic oObjNew = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).ToDictionary(e=>(string)e.Value, e=>(object)e.Key) Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oObjNew = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(oObj).map(e=>e.reverse())) [also: oObjNew = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(oObj).map(([k,v])=>[v,k]))] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oObjNew = (object)array_flip((array)$oObj) Python: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**{v:k for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items()}) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.MultiFlip) [or Object.FlipMulti][flip properties/values][handles duplicates amongst values][property-value pairs to property-array pairs] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var oEntry in ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).GroupBy(e=>e.Value).ToDictionary(g=>(string)g.Key, g=>(object)g.Select(e=>e.Key).ToArray())) ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObjNew).Add(oEntry) [beforehand: dynamic oObjNew = new ExpandoObject()] Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] JavaScript: for (const [p,v] of Object.entries(oObj)) (v in oObjNew) ? oObjNew[v].push(p) : oObjNew[v] = [p] [beforehand: oObjNew = {}] Kotlin: ___ PHP: foreach ($oObj as $vProp=>$vValue) $oObjNew->$vValue[] = $vProp [WARNING: '$oObj->$vProp[] = $vValue' creates an array if it doesn't exist, and pushes] [beforehand: $oObjNew = new stdClass()] Python: for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items(): oObjNew.__dict__.setdefault(v, []).append(k) [beforehand: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace()] [also: for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items(): oObjNew.__dict__[v] = oObjNew.__dict__.get(v, []) + [k]] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap/Object.Set] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.MapValues) [map values: apply a function to each value][see also: Object.Flip] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: dynamic oObjNew = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).ToDictionary(e=>(string)e.Key, e=>(object)oFunc((string)e.Value)) Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: oObjNew = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(oObj).map(e=>[e[0],oFunc(e[1])])) [also: oObjNew = Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(oObj).map(([k,v])=>[k,oFunc(v)]))] Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oObj as $vProp=>$vValue) $oObjNew->$vProp = $oFunc($vValue)] [beforehand: $oObjNew = new stdClass()] Python: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**{k:oFunc(v) for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items()}) [also: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**dict((k,oFunc(v)) for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items()))] [also: oObjNew = SimpleNamespace(**dict(zip(oObj.__dict__.keys(), map(oFunc, oObj.__dict__.values()))))] R: for(vProp in slotNames(oObj)) {slot(oObj, vProp) = oFunc(vProp, slot(oObj, vProp))} Ruby: oObj.each_pair{|p,v| oObj[p]=oFunc.call(v)} Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.PropOf) [return first property that contains value][can be used as Object.HasVal/Object.Any][see also: Array.IndexOf/Array.HasVal/Array.Any/Array.Find] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: vProp = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).FirstOrDefault(e=>(string)e.Value == vNeedle).Key Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] JavaScript: ___ [can use: vProp = Object.entries(oObj).find(e=>e[1]==vNeedle)[0]] Kotlin: ___ PHP: $vProp = array_search($vNeedle, (array)$oObj) [WARNING: returns false if no match] Python: vProp = next((k for k,v in oObj.__dict__.items() if v == vNeedle), None) R: vProp = names(oMap)[match(vValue, oMap)] [beforehand: oMap = mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj))] [note: returns NA if no match] Ruby: vProp = oObj.to_h.key(vNeedle) [note: returns nil if no match] Rust: ___ Scala: ___ [see also: Object.ToMap] Swift: vProp = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.map{($0!,$1)}).first(where:{$0.value as! String == vNeedle})?.key [note: returns nil if no match] UFL: (Object.Equals) [do the contents of 2 objects match (at least one level deep) (same property-value pairs)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: var vIsMatch = (((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj1).Count == ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj2).Count) && ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj1).Keys.All(p=>((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj2).ContainsKey(p) && (((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj1)[p] == ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj2)[p]))] Crystal: vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: vIsMatch := reflect.DeepEqual(oObj1, oObj2) Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ [can use: vIsMatch = (Object.keys(oObj1).length == Object.keys(oObj2).length) && Object.keys(oObj1).every(p=>(p in oObj2) && (oObj1[p] === oObj2[p]))] [also: vIsMatch = (JSON.stringify(oObj1) == JSON.stringify(oObj2))] Kotlin: vIsMatch = oObj1.equals(oObj2) [also: vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2)] [WARNING: only compares properties declared in the constructor] PHP: $vIsMatch = ($oObj1 == $oObj2) [note: == compares contents, === compares reference] Python: vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2) R: vIsMatch = identical(oObj1, oObj2) Ruby: vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2) Rust: vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2) [also: vIsMatch = oObj1.eq(&oObj2)] [note: requires: '#[derive(PartialEq)]' above struct definition] Scala: ___ [can use (case class): vIsMatch = (oObj1 == oObj2)] [note: for case class, == compares values, for non-case class, == compares references] Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.Default) [see also: Object.GetOrDefault] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.ToMap) [object to map] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: Dictionary<string,string> oDict = ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).ToDictionary(e=>e.Key, e=>(string)e.Value) Crystal: ___ [note: information can be parsed from oObj.to_s] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ [note: information can be parsed from fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) and fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [can use: for (Field oField : oObj.getClass().getFields())] [note: property/value: oField.getName(), oField.get(oObj)] [note: get()/set() must be within a try block] [requires: import java.lang.reflect.Field] [note: to add to the map: oMap.put(vProp, vValue)] [beforehand: LinkedHashMap<String,String> oMap = new LinkedHashMap<>()] JavaScript: oMap = new Map(Object.entries(oObj)) Kotlin: ___ PHP: $oMap = (array)$oObj Python: oObj.__dict__.copy() R: oMap = mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj)) Ruby: oMap = oObj.to_h [also (each property name as a string): oMap = oObj.each_pair.map{|p,v|[p.to_s,v]}.to_h] Rust: ___ Scala: var oMap = Map((for (f<-oObj.getClass.getDeclaredFields) yield {f.setAccessible(true); (f.getName, f.get(oObj))}): _*) [can use: for (oField <- oObj.getClass.getDeclaredFields)] [note: property/value: oField.getName, oField.get(oObj)] Swift: oDict = Dictionary(uniqueKeysWithValues:Mirror(reflecting:oObj).children.map{($0!,$1)}) UFL: Object.ToString [object to string][see also: String/Object.Print] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ [can use: String.Join("\n", oObj)] [can use: String.Join("\n", (IDictionary<string,object>)oObj)] [can use: String.Join("\n", ((IDictionary<string,object>)oObj).Select(e=>$"{e.Key}:{e.Value}"))] [requires (Select): using System.Linq] Crystal: oObj.to_s Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: fmt.Sprintf("%v", oObj) [WARNING: returns values but not property names] [note: (returns property names and types): fmt.Sprintf("%T", oObj)] Java: ___ [WARNING (only prints a type name): oObj.toString()] JavaScript: Object.entries(oObj).join("\n") [WARNING (only prints a type name): String(oObj)] [WARNING (only prints a type name): oObj.toString()] [also: JSON.stringify(oObj)] [also: JSON.stringify(oObj, null, 4)] Kotlin: ___ [WARNING (only prints a type name): oObj.toString()] PHP: ___ [can use: var_export($oObj, true)] [also: print_r($oObj, true)] Python: str(oObj) R: ___ [can use: paste(slotNames(oObj), mapply(\(v) slot(oObj,v), slotNames(oObj)), sep = ": ", collapse = ", ")] Ruby: oObj.to_s Rust: format!("{:?}", oObj) [also: format!("{:#?}", oObj)] [note: to output a struct instance via format, you must add '#[derive(Debug)]' above the struct definition] Scala: ___ [note: case class: outputs values: oObj.toString] [WARNING: non-case class: outputs type name: oObj.toString] Swift: String(describing:oObj) [also: String(reflecting:oObj)] UFL: (Object.ToIni) [object to ini file string] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ UFL: (Object.CaseSense) [set whether property names are case-sensitive/case-insensitive] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: ___ Section: Range Methods UFL: Range.Print [print start/end/step (or print the values)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : oRange) std::cout << vValue << "," C#: Console.WriteLine("[" + String.Join(",", oRange) + "]") Crystal: p oRange Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: System.out.println(java.util.Arrays.toString(oRange.toArray())) [WARNING: terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: println(oRange) PHP: var_export($oRange) [also: var_dump($oRange)] [also: print_r($oRange)] [note: range() returns an array] Python: print(oRange) R: print(oRange) Ruby: p oRange Rust: println!("{:?}", oRange) Scala: println(oRange) [also: println(oRange.toList)] Swift: print(oRange) UFL: Range.LoopValue [loop through the items of a range, get values one-by-one] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : oRange) C#: foreach (var vValue in oRange) Crystal: oRange.each do |vValue| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (var vValue : (Iterable<Integer>)oRange::iterator) [also: oRange.forEach(v->System.out.println(v))] [WARNING (both): the iterations are terminal operations, that make oRange unusable] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: for (vValue in oRange) PHP: foreach ($oRange as $vValue) [note: where $oRange is an array] Python: for vValue in oRange: R: for (vValue in oRange) Ruby: oRange.each do |vValue| Rust: for vValue in oRange Scala: for(vValue <- oRange) Swift: for vValue in oRange UFL: Range.LoopValueDemo [e.g. 1 to 3 inclusive] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: for (const auto& vValue : std::views::iota(1, 3+1)) [requires: #include <ranges>] C#: foreach (var vValue in Enumerable.Range(1, 3)) [WARNING: 2nd param is count, not end, e.g. inclusive end: Enumerable.Range(vStart, vEnd-vStart+1)] [requires (Enumerable.Range): using System.Linq] Crystal: (1..3).each do |vValue| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (var vValue : (Iterable<Integer>)IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 3)::iterator) [WARNING: the iterations are terminal operations, that make oRange unusable] [requires: import java.util.stream.*] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: for (vValue in 1..3) PHP: foreach (range(1, 3) as $vValue) [note: where $oRange is an array] Python: for vValue in range(1, 3+1): R: for (vValue in 1:3) Ruby: (1..3).each do |vValue| Rust: for vValue in 1..=3 Scala: for(vValue <- Range.inclusive(1,3)) [also: for(i <- 1 to 3)] Swift: for vValue in 1...3 UFL: (Range.LoopWithIndex) [loop through the items of a range, get key-value pairs one-by-one] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: foreach (var e in oRange.Select((v,k)=>new{k,v})) [also: foreach (var oEntry in oRange.Select((v,k)=>new{MyKey=k,MyValue=v}))] [e.g. e.k, e.v] [e.g. oEntry.MyKey, oEntry.MyValue] [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oRange.each_with_index do |vValue,vKey| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) [beforehand: var oArray = oRange.toArray()] [WARNING (toArray): terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: for ((vKey, vValue) in oRange.withIndex()) PHP: foreach ($oRange as $vKey=>$vValue) [note: where $oRange is an array] Python: for vKey, vValue in enumerate(oRange): R: for(i in 1:length(oRange)) [note: vValue = oRange[i]] Ruby: oRange.each_with_index do |vValue,vKey| Rust: for (vKey, vValue) in oRange.clone().into_iter().enumerate() Scala: for((vValue,vKey) <- oRange.view.zipWithIndex) println((vKey,vValue)) Swift: for (vKey, vValue) in oRange.enumerated() UFL: Range.New [or Range.NewBasic1][generate numbers a to b (inclusive end)][a <= x <= b][e.g. 1 to 3 inclusive][see also: LoopCountIncDemo] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: auto oRange = std::views::iota(1, 3+1)] [requires: #include <ranges>] [type: NSt3__26ranges9iota_viewIiiEE] C#: ___ [can use: var oRange = Enumerable.Range(1, 3)] [type: RangeIterator] [WARNING: 2nd param is count, not end, e.g. inclusive end: Enumerable.Range(vStart, vEnd-vStart+1)] [note (generates a Range, not RangeIterator): 1..3] [requires (Enumerable.Range): using System.Linq] Crystal: oRange = 1..3 [type: Range(Int32, Int32)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oRange = IntStream.rangeClosed(1, 3) [WARNING: an IntStream can only be iterated over once, it cannot be reused] [type: Head (full: java.util.stream.IntPipeline$Head)] [also: LongStream.rangeClosed] JavaScript: ___ [can use (inclusive end, step 1): oArray = Array(vEnd-vStart+1).fill().map((v,k)=>k+vStart)] [also: oArray = [...Array(vEnd-vStart+1).keys()].map(v=>v+vStart)] [type: Array] Kotlin: oRange = 1..3 [type: IntRange] [also: downTo (like .. but in reverse order)] [also: rangeTo] PHP: $oRange = range(1, 3) [type: array] [WARNING: returns an array, not an object that generates values on-the-fly] Python: ___ [can use: oRange = range(1, 3+1)] [type: range] R: oRange = 1:3 [type: 'integer' (note: a vector)] [also: oRange = seq(1, 3, 1)] [type (seq): double (class: numeric) (note: a vector)] Ruby: oRange = 1..3 [type: Range] Rust: oRange = 1..=3 [type: RangeInclusive] [note: RangeInclusive has start/end, but not len] Scala: oRange = Range.inclusive(1, 3) [type: Inclusive (scala.collection.immutable.Range$Inclusive)] Swift: oRange = 1...3 [type: ClosedRange<Int>] [also (inclusive end via 'through'): stride(from:vStart, through:vEnd, by:vStep)] [note: can omit 1 value to create a one-sided range] UFL: (Range.NewUntil) [or Range.NewBasic2/RangeUntil.New][generate numbers a to b (exclusive end)][a <= x < b][e.g. 1 to 4 exclusive end (i.e. 1 to 3 inclusive)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oRange = std::views::iota(1, 4) [requires: #include <ranges>] [type: NSt3__26ranges9iota_viewIiiEE] C#: ___ [can use: var oRange = Enumerable.Range(1, 4-1)] [type: RangeIterator] [WARNING: 2nd param is count, not end, e.g. exclusive end: Enumerable.Range(vStart, vEnd-vStart)] [note (generates a Range, not RangeIterator): 1..^4] [requires: using System.Linq] [WARNING: Enumerable.Range: exclusive end] [WARNING: .. operator: exclusive end] Crystal: oRange = 1...4 [type: Range(Int32, Int32)] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oRange = IntStream.range(1, 4) [WARNING: an IntStream can only be iterated over once, it cannot be reused] [type: Head (full: java.util.stream.IntPipeline$Head)] [WARNING: IntStream.range: exclusive end] [also: LongStream.range] JavaScript: ___ [can use (exclusive end, step 1): oArray = Array(vEnd-vStart).fill().map((v,k)=>k+vStart)] [type: Array] Kotlin: oRange = 1..<4 [type: IntRange] [also: rangeUntil] PHP: ___ [can use: $oRange = range(1, 4-1)] [type: array] Python: oRange = range(1, 4) [type: range] [WARNING: range: exclusive end] R: ___ [can use: oRange = 1:(4-1)] [type: 'integer' (note: a vector)] [also: oRange = seq(1, 4-1, 1)] [type (seq): double (class: numeric) (note: a vector)] Ruby: oRange = 1...4 [type: Range] Rust: oRange = 1..4 [type: Range] [note: Range has len, but not start/end] [WARNING: .. operator: exclusive end] Scala: oRange = Range(1, 4) [type: Exclusive (scala.collection.immutable.Range$Exclusive)] Swift: oRange = 1..<4 [type: Range<Int>] [also (exclusive end via 'to'): stride(from:vStart, to:vEnd, by:vStep)] [note: can omit 1 value to create a one-sided range] UFL: Range.NewWithStep [inclusive end][note: using 1 to 30 inclusive as an example][see also: Array.FilterGetEveryNth] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ [can use: step() while iterating] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oRange = Stream.iterate(1, i->i<=30, i->i+2) [WARNING: most actions applied to a range object, consume it, making it unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRange = 1..30 step 2 PHP: $oRange = range(1, 30, 2) Python: ___ [can use: oRange = range(1, 30+1, 2)] R: oRange = seq(1, 30, 2) Ruby: ___ [can use: step() and %() while iterating] Rust: oRange = (1..=30).step_by(2) Scala: oRange = Range.inclusive(1, 30, 2) Swift: oRange = stride(from:1, through:30, by:2) [e.g. type: StrideThrough<Int>] UFL: (Range.NewUntilWithStep) [exclusive end][note: using 1 to 31 exclusive end (1 to 30 inclusive) as an example][see also: Array.FilterGetEveryNth] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ [can use: step() while iterating] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oRange = Stream.iterate(1, i->i<31, i->i+2) [WARNING: most actions applied to a range object, consume it, making it unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRange = 1..<31 step 2 PHP: ___ [can use: $oRange = range(1, 31-1, 2)] Python: oRange = range(1, 31, 2) R: ___ [can use: oRange = seq(1, 31-1, 2)] Ruby: ___ [can use: step() and %() while iterating] Rust: oRange = (1..31).step_by(2) Scala: oRange = Range(1, 31, 2) Swift: oRange = stride(from:1, to:31, by:2) [e.g. type: StrideTo<Int>] UFL: Range.Length [or Range.Count] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oRange.size() C#: oRange.Count() Crystal: oRange.size Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oRange.count() [also: oRange.summaryStatistics().getCount()] [WARNING (count()/getCount()): terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRange.count() PHP: count($oRange) [also: sizeof($oRange)] Python: ___ [can use: vCount = reduce(lambda a,b : a+1, oRange, 0)] [requires: from functools import reduce] R: length(oRange) Ruby: oRange.size [also: oRange.count] Rust: oRange.clone().count() [note: if don't use clone(), the object is consumed] [also (for Range, but not RangeInclusive): oRange.len()] Scala: oRange.length Swift: oRange.count UFL: Range.ToArray [see also: Array.Keys] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::iota(oArray, oArray+oRange.size(), oRange.front()) [beforehand: int* oArray = new int[oRange.size()]] [also (array of known size): std::iota(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oRange.front())] [beforehand (array of known size: replace '123' with the necessary size): int oArray[123]] [requires (std::iota): #include <numeric>] [also (vector): std::iota(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), oRange.front())] [beforehand (vector): std::vector<int> oVec(oRange.size())] C#: oArray = oRange.ToArray() Crystal: oArray = oRange.to_a [also: oArray = oRange.step(vStep).to_a] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oArray = oRange.toArray() [WARNING: terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oArray = oRange.toList().toTypedArray() PHP: $oArray = $oRange [note: the PHP range is an array] Python: oList = list(oRange) R: oVec = oRange [note: the R range is a vector] Ruby: oArray = oRange.to_a [also: oRange.entries] [WARNING: 'entries' objects are typically an array of pairs] [also: oArray = oRange.step(vStep).to_a] Rust: oVec = oRange.collect::<Vec<_>>() [e.g. inclusive end: (vNum1..=vNum2).collect()] Scala: oArray = oRange.toArray Swift: oArray = Array(oRange) UFL: (Range.Entries) [or Range.ToEntries] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oEntries.push_back(std::make_pair(i, oRange[i])) [beforehand: std::vector<std::pair<int,int>> oEntries] C#: int[][] oEntries = oRange.Select((v,k)=>new[]{k,v}).ToArray() Crystal: oEntries = oRange.each_with_index.map{|v,k| {k,v}}.to_a [note: can also use: '[k,v]'] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) oEntries[i] = new int[]{i, oArray[i]} [beforehand: int[][] oEntries = new int[oArray.length][2]] [beforehand: oArray = oRange.toArray()] JavaScript: ___ [can use: oEntries = oRange.entries()] [note: where oRange is an array] Kotlin: oEntries = oRange.mapIndexed{k,v->k to v!!}.toMap().entries PHP: foreach ($oRange as $vKey=>$vValue) array_push($oEntries, [$vKey, $vValue]) [beforehand: $oEntries = []] [also: $oEntries = array_map(function($oKey) use ($oRange) {return [$oKey, $oRange[$oKey]];}, array_keys($oRange))] [note: the PHP range is an array] Python: oEntries = {k:v for k,v in enumerate(oRange)}.items() R: oEntries = setNames(oRange, 1:length(oRange)) [also: oEntries = oRange; names(oEntries) = 1:length(oRange)] [note: setNames param order: values then keys] Ruby: oEntries = oRange.map.with_index{|v,k| [k,v]} [also: oEntries = oRange.each_with_index.map{|v,k| [k,v]}] Rust: oEntries = oRange.clone().into_iter().enumerate().collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oEntries = oRange.zipWithIndex.toArray Swift: oEntries = oRange.enumerated().map{[$0,$1]} UFL: Range.Start [get first element] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oRange.front() C#: oRange.First() Crystal: oRange.min [also: oRange.begin] [also: oRange.first] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oRange.min().orElseThrow() [note: orElseThrow() to unwrap optional value] [also: oRange.summaryStatistics().getMin()] [WARNING (min()/getMin()): terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRange.start PHP: ___ Python: oRange.start R: oRange[1] Ruby: oRange.min [also: oRange.begin] [also: oRange.first] Rust: oRange.start [note: for RangeInclusive, but not Range] Scala: oRange.start [also: oRange.head] Swift: oRange.lowerBound UFL: Range.End [get last element (or exclusive boundary that is never reached)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oRange.back() C#: oRange.Last() Crystal: oRange.max [also: oRange.end] [note: max/end can differ, max is the last element] [also: oRange.excludes_end?] [also: oRange.exclusive?] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oRange.max().orElseThrow() [note: orElseThrow() to unwrap optional value] [also: oRange.summaryStatistics().getMax()] [WARNING (max()/getMax()): terminal operation, makes oRange unusable] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRange.endInclusive [deprecated: oRange.endExclusive] PHP: ___ Python: oRange.stop R: tail(oRange, 1) Ruby: oRange.max [also: oRange.end] [also: oRange.last] [note: max/end/last can differ, max is the last element] [also: oRange.exclude_end?] Rust: oRange.end [note: for RangeInclusive, but not Range] Scala: oRange.end [also: oRange.last] [note: value of last element in range, can differ from inclusive/exclusive range end boundary] Swift: oRange.upperBound UFL: Range.Step [get step (numerical distance between each element)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: oRange.step R: vStep = oRange[2] - oRange[1] Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: oRange.step Swift: ___ UFL: (Range.Clone) [or Range.Copy] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: auto oRangeNew = oRange [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] C#: var oRangeNew = Enumerable.Range(oRange.First(), oRange.Count()) [WARNING: 2nd param is count, not end] Crystal: oRangeNew = oRange.clone Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: var oRangeNew = IntStream.rangeClosed(oStats.getMin(), oStats.getMax()) [beforehand (WARNING: terminal operation, makes oRange unusable): var oStats = oRange.summaryStatistics()] [note: works on ranges created by both IntStream.range() and IntStream.rangeClosed()] [note: the statistics object can be used as often as desired, unlike the range object] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oRangeNew = oRange.start..oRange.endInclusive [e.g. works with 1..3 and 1..<4, both of type IntRange] PHP: ___ Python: oRangeNew = range(oRange.start, oRange.stop, oRange.step) R: oRangeNew = oRange [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Ruby: oRangeNew = oRange.clone Rust: oRangeNew = oRange.clone() Scala: ___ [can use (copy reference): oRangeNew = oRange] [also: var oRange = Range.inclusive(oRange.start, oRange.end, oRange.step) Swift: oRangeNew = type(of:oRange).init(uncheckedBounds:(lower:oRange.lowerBound, upper:oRange.upperBound)) [note: confirmed to work with ClosedRange<Int> and Range<Int>] Section: Tuple Methods UFL: (Tuple.Print) [print the values] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::apply([](auto&&... oArgs) {((std::cout << oArgs << ", "), ...);}, oTuple) C#: Console.WriteLine(oTuple) [also: Console.WriteLine(oPair)] Crystal: p oTuple Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: System.out.println(oEntry) JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: println(oPair) PHP: ___ Python: print(oTuple) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: println!("{:?}", oTuple) Scala: println(oTuple) Swift: print(oTuple) UFL: (Tuple.LoopValue) [loop through the items of a tuple, get values one-by-one] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [note: doable but long-winded] C#: ___ Crystal: oTuple.each do |vValue| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: for (vValue in oPair.toList()) [also: for (vValue in oTriple.toList())] PHP: ___ Python: for vValue in oTuple: R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: for(vValue <- oTuple.toArray) Swift: for vValue in Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map({$0.value}) [also (shorter, but gives a syntax warning): for vValue in Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map{$0.value}] UFL: (Tuple.LoopWithIndex) [loop through the items of a tuple, get key-value pairs one-by-one] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [note: doable but long-winded] C#: ___ Crystal: oTuple.each_with_index do |vValue,vKey| Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: for ((vKey, vValue) in oPair.toList().withIndex()) [also: for ((vKey, vValue) in oTriple.toList().withIndex())] PHP: ___ Python: for vKey, vValue in enumerate(oTuple): R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: for((vValue,vKey) <- oTuple.toArray.zipWithIndex) Swift: for oTuple in Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map({($0.label!,$0.value)}) [also (shorter, but gives a syntax warning): for oTuple in Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map{($0.label!,$0.value)}] [e.g. vKey = oTuple.0] [e.g. vValue = oTuple.1] UFL: (Tuple.NewEmpty) [or Tuple.NewBasic][create an empty tuple] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oTuple = std::make_tuple() C#: ___ [note: ("a", 1) has type ValueTuple`2] Crystal: oTuple = Tuple.new Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [note: Map.entry("a", 1) has type KeyValueHolder] [note: new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>("a", 1) has type SimpleEntry] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ [note: Pair("a", 1) has type Pair] [note: oMap.entries.toTypedArray()[0] has type Entry] PHP: ___ Python: oTuple = () [type: tuple] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oTuple = () [type: '()'] [e.g. ("a", 1) has type '(&str, i32)'] Scala: ___ [can use: oTuple = ()] [type: void] Swift: oTuple = () [type: '()'] [e.g. ("a", 1) has type '(String, Int)'] UFL: (Tuple.NewSize1) [initialise a tuple with 1 item] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oTuple = std::make_tuple("a") C#: oTuple = new Tuple<string>("a") Crystal: oTuple = {"a"} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: oTuple = ("a",) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oTuple = ("a",) Scala: oTuple = Tuple1("a") Swift: ___ [note: Swift does not have one-tuples] UFL: (Tuple.NewDemo) [or Tuple.NewSize2][initialise a tuple with 2 items] AutoHotkey: ___ [note: vVar := ("a", 1) is equivalent to vVar := 1] [note (AHK v1): vVar := ("a", 1) is equivalent to vVar := "a"] C++: oTuple = std::make_tuple("a", 1) [also: oPair = std::make_pair("a", 1)] [note: auto vVar = ("a", 1) is equivalent to auto vVar = 1] [requires (tuple): #include <tuple>] [requires (pair): #include <utility>] C#: (string, int) oTuple = ("a", 1) [also: (string MyName1, int MyName2) oTuple = ("a", 1)] [also: var oTuple = ("a", 1)] [also: var oPair = new KeyValuePair<string,int>("a", 1)] Crystal: oTuple = {"a", 1} [note: vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] Excel: ___ [note: =("a",1) is invalid syntax] Excel VBA: ___ [note: vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] Go: ___ Java: oEntry = new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>("a", 1) [also (read-only): oEntry = Map.entry("a", 1)] [note: var vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] JavaScript: ___ [note: vVar = ("a", 1) is equivalent to vVar = 1] Kotlin: oPair = Pair("a", 1) [also: oTriple = Triple("a", 1, 1.1)] [note: no quadruple/quintuple etc] [note: var vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] [also: oEntry = oMap.entries.toTypedArray()[0]] PHP: ___ [note: $vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] Python: oTuple = ("a", 1) R: ___ Ruby: ___ [note: vVar = ("a", 1) is invalid syntax] Rust: oTuple = ("a", 1) Scala: oTuple = ("a", 1) Swift: oTuple = ("a", 1) [also: oTuple = (MyName1:"a", MyName2:1)] UFL: (Tuple.Size) [or Tuple.Length/Tuple.Count] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::tuple_size<decltype(oTuple)>::value C#: oTuple.GetType().GetGenericArguments().Length Crystal: oTuple.size Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oPair.toList().size [also: oTriple.toList().size] PHP: ___ Python: len(oTuple) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: oTuple.size Swift: Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.count UFL: (Tuple.Get) [or Tuple[Key]][get dynamically, specify an index][note: 0-based unless stated] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: oTuple[vIndex] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oPair.toList()[vIndex] [also: oTriple.toList()[vIndex]] PHP: ___ Python: oTuple[vIndex] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: oTuple(vIndex) Swift: Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map{$0.value}[vIndex] UFL: Tuple.GetFirst [or Tuple.First][e.g. oTuple.0] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: get<0>(oTuple) [note: 0/1/2/...] [also: get<0>(oPair)] C#: oTuple.Item1 [note: Item1/Item2/Item3/...] [also: oPair.Key/oPair.Value] Crystal: oTuple[0] [note: 0/1/2/...] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oEntry.getKey() [note: getKey/getValue] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oPair.first [note: first/second] [also: oTriple.first (i.e. first/second/third)] [also: oPair.toList()[0]] PHP: ___ Python: oTuple[0] [note: 0/1/2/...] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oTuple.0 [note: 0/1/2/...] Scala: oTuple(0) [note: 0/1/2/...] [also (1-based): oTuple._1] [note: _1/_2/_3] Swift: oTuple.0 [note: 0/1/2/...] UFL: (Tuple.Set) [or Tuple[Key]][note: with a hardcoded index value] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::get<0>(oTuple) = vValue C#: oTuple.Item1 = vValue Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oEntry.setValue(vValue) [note: can't change key name] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: ___ PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ Scala: ___ Swift: oTuple.0 = vValue UFL: (Tuple.Clone) [or Tuple.Copy][copy the entire tuple] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: oTupleNew = oTuple [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] C#: oTupleNew = oTuple [also: oPairNew = oPair] [WARNING (both): this copies the object, not a reference] Crystal: oTupleNew = oTuple.clone Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oEntryNew = new AbstractMap.SimpleEntry<>(oEntry) JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oPairNew = oPair [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] [also: oTripleNew = oTriple] PHP: ___ Python: oTupleNew = oTuple [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] [also: oTupleNew = oTuple[:]] R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oTupleNew = oTuple [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] Scala: ___ [can use (copy reference): oTupleNew = oTuple] Swift: oTupleNew = oTuple [WARNING: this copies the object, not a reference] UFL: (Tuple.ToArray) [tuple to array] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [note: doable but long-winded] ['Hanc marginis exiguitas non caperet.'] C#: ___ Crystal: oArray = oTuple.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oArray = oPair.toList().toTypedArray() PHP: ___ Python: oList = list(oTuple) R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: ___ [can do (for homogeneous tuples): oArray = <[i32; 2]>::from(oTuple)] Scala: oTuple.toArray Swift: oArray = Mirror(reflecting:oTuple).children.map{$0.value} Section: Optional Methods UFL: Optional.New [create an optional object to store either a value or null][see also (may create optionals): Array.IndexOf/Array.Find/Array.Max/Array.Get/Map.Get/Array.First][see also: Null/IsNull/OpNullCoalescing] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oOpt = Optional.ofNullable(vValue) [also (throws if value is null): oOpt = Optional.of(vValue)] [type: Optional] [requires: import java.util.*] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oOpt: Any? = vValue [also (other types e.g.): oOpt: Int? = vValue] [type: e.g. Int?] [note: a nullable object] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oOpt = Some(vValue) [type: e.g. core::option::Option<i32>] Scala: oOpt = Option(vValue) [type: None$/Some] [also: Some(vValue)] Swift: oOpt: Any? = vValue [also (other types e.g.): oOpt: Int? = vValue] [type: e.g. Optional<Any>] [type: e.g. Optional<Int>] UFL: Optional.NewNull [create an optional object that contains null] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oOpt = Optional.empty() [type: Optional] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: oOpt: Any? = null [also (other types e.g.): oOpt: Int? = null] [type: e.g. Int?] [note: a nullable object] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: oOpt = None [type: e.g. core::option::Option<i32>] Scala: var oOpt = Option(null) [type: None$] Swift: oOpt: Any? = nil [also (other types e.g.): oOpt: Int? = vValue] [type: e.g. Optional<Any>] [type: e.g. Optional<Int>] UFL: Optional.IsPresent [or Optional.IsNonNull][check if an optional contains a non-null value] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vIsPresent = oOpt.isPresent() JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vIsPresent = (oOpt != null) [also: oOpt !is Nothing?] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: vIsPresent = oOpt.is_some() [also: (oOpt != None)] Scala: vIsPresent = oOpt.isDefined Swift: vIsPresent = (oOpt != nil) UFL: Optional.IsNull [check if an optional contains null] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vIsNull = !oOpt.isPresent() JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vIsNull = (oOpt == null) [also: oOpt is Nothing?] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: vIsNull = oOpt.is_none() [also: (oOpt == None)] Scala: vIsNull = oOpt.isEmpty [also: oOpt.nonEmpty] Swift: vIsNull = (oOpt == nil) UFL: Optional.Unwrap [get a value from an optional (typically throws if the optional contains null)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vValue = oOpt.get() [throws if contains null] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vValue = oOpt!! [throws if contains null] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: vValue = oOpt.unwrap() [throws if contains None] Scala: vValue = oOpt.get [throws if contains null] Swift: vValue = oOpt! [throws if contains nil] UFL: Optional.UnwrapOrDefault [get a value from an optional, return the default value if the optional contains null] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ C#: ___ Crystal: ___ Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vValue = oOpt.orElse(vDefault) [also: vValue = oOpt.orElseGet(oFunc)] [note: unwraps value] JavaScript: ___ Kotlin: vValue = oOpt ?: vDefault [WARNING: in Kotlin, '?:' is a null-coalescing operator, not a short-ternary operator: e.g. '0 ?: 123' returns 0, since 0 is non-null] [note: unwraps value] PHP: ___ Python: ___ R: ___ Ruby: ___ Rust: vValue = oOpt.unwrap_or(vDefault) Scala: vValue = oOpt.getOrElse(vDefault) [note: unwraps value] Swift: vValue = oOpt ?? vDefault [note: unwraps value] Section: Set Methods [FIXME] UFL: Set.Print [print the values][see also: Set.ToString] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.LoopValue [loop through the items of a set, get values one-by-one] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.ForEach [or Set.LoopForEach][call a function once for each item of a set][see also: Set.LoopValue] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.NewEmpty [or Set.NewBasic][create an empty set][workaround: use a map/dictionary] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: (Set.NewStrDemo) [initialise a set with 3 items] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: (Set.NewIntDemo) [initialise a set with 3 items] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: (Set.OrderType) [insertion order, alphabetical order, 'random' order (unordered)][e.g. what order does a loop return] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Count [get item count] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.HasVal [or Set.HasKey][or Set.HasValue/Set.Contains][set contains/includes value (value exists)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Add [add a value] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Delete [delete a value] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Clear [delete all values] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Clone [or Set.Copy][copy the entire set] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.ToString [set to string][see also: String/Set.Print] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.CaseSense [set whether values are case-sensitive/case-insensitive] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Equals [do the contents of 2 sets match (same items)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Diff [or Set.Difference][return values unique to set 1][start with set 1 elements, remove set 2 elements] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Intersection [return values present in both set 1 and set 2][note: equivalent to Diff(A,Diff(B,A))] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.Union [create a set with the elements of sets 1 and 2] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: [FIXME] UFL: Set.ToArray [or Set.Values][get values as an array][note: set values are like array values][note: set value lookup is like map key lookup] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: C#: Crystal: Excel: ___ Excel VBA: Go: Java: JavaScript: Kotlin: PHP: Python: R: Ruby: Rust: Scala: Swift: Section: Array.ForEach Examples UFL: (MakeFuncForEachDemoPrint) [e.g. print (create a function that can print any value)][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)][see also: PrintCustom/Any.TypeCustom] AutoHotkey: MyPrint := vValue => MsgBox(vValue) C++: auto MyPrint = [](int vValue) {std::cout << vValue << "\n";} C#: Action<int> MyPrint = vValue => Console.WriteLine(vValue) Crystal: MyPrint = ->(vValue: Int32) {p(vValue)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyPrint := func(vValue int) { fmt.Println(vValue) } Java: IntConsumer MyPrint = vValue -> System.out.println(vValue) [also: Consumer<Integer> MyPrint = vValue -> System.out.println(vValue)] [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyPrint = vValue => console.log(vValue) Kotlin: var MyPrint = {vValue:Any -> println(vValue)} PHP: $MyPrint = fn($vValue) => print(var_export($vValue) . "\n") [also: $MyPrint = fn($vValue) => var_dump($vValue)] Python: MyPrint = lambda vValue : print(vValue) R: MyPrint = \(vValue) print(vValue) Ruby: MyPrint = ->(vValue) {p(vValue)} Rust: fn MyPrint (vValue:i32) -> (){println!("{}", vValue)} [note: in Rust, a function/anonymous function definition does not require a trailing semicolon] Scala: var MyPrint = (vValue:Any) => println(vValue) Swift: var MyPrint: (_ vValue: Any) -> () = {vValue in print(vValue)} [also: can use 'Void' instead of '()'] UFL: (MakeFuncForEachWithIndexDemoPrintIntStr) [e.g. print pair][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)][see also: PrintCustom/Any.TypeCustom/PrintKeyValueAsPair] AutoHotkey: MyPrintIntStr := (vNum, vText) => MsgBox(vNum ": " vText) C++: auto MyPrintIntStr = [](int vNum, std::string vText) {std::apply([](auto&&... oArgs) {((std::cout << oArgs << ", "), ...);}, std::make_pair(vNum, vText)); std::cout << "\n";} [note: prints trailing separator] [requires: #include <utility>] C#: Action<int,string> MyPrintIntStr = (vNum, vText) => Console.WriteLine((vNum, vText)) Crystal: MyPrintIntStr = ->(vNum: Int32,vText: String) {p({vNum, vText})} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyPrintIntStr := func(vNum int, vText string) { fmt.Println([...]interface{}{vNum, vText}) } Java: BiConsumer<Integer,String> MyPrintIntStr = (vNum, vText) -> System.out.println(Map.entry(vNum, vText)) [requires: import java.util.*] [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyPrintIntStr = (vNum, vText) => console.log([vNum, vText]) Kotlin: var MyPrintIntStr = {vNum:Any, vText:Any -> println(Pair(vNum, vText))} PHP: $MyPrintIntStr = fn($vNum, $vText) => print(var_export([$vNum, $vText]) . "\n") [also: $MyPrintIntStr = fn($vNum, $vText) => var_dump([$vNum, $vText])] Python: MyPrintIntStr = lambda vNum, vText : print((vNum, vText)) R: MyPrintIntStr = \(vNum,vText) print(list(vNum, vText)) Ruby: MyPrintIntStr = ->(vNum,vText) {p([vNum, vText])} Rust: fn MyPrintIntStr (vNum:i32, vText:String) -> (){println!("{:?}", (vNum, vText))} [note: in Rust, a function/anonymous function definition does not require a trailing semicolon] [note: array indexes have type usize, use 'as i32' to convert them] Scala: var MyPrintIntStr = (vNum:Any,vText:Any) => println((vNum, vText)) Swift: var MyPrintIntStr: (_ vNum:Any, _ vText:Any) -> () = {vNum,vText in print((vNum, vText))} [also: can use 'Void' instead of '()'] Section: Array.Map Examples UFL: (MakeFuncMapDemoDouble) [e.g. double][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyDouble := vNum => vNum*2 C++: auto MyDouble = [](int vNum) {return vNum*2;} C#: Func<int,int> MyDouble = vNum => vNum*2 Crystal: MyDouble = ->(vNum: Int32) {vNum*2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyDouble := func(vNum int) int { return vNum * 2 } Java: Function<Integer,Integer> MyDouble = vNum -> vNum*2 [also: UnaryOperator<Integer> MyDouble = vNum -> vNum*2] [also (e.g. MyDouble.applyAsInt()): ToIntFunction<Integer> MyDouble = vNum -> vNum*2] [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyDouble = vNum => vNum*2 Kotlin: var MyDouble = {vNum:Int -> vNum*2} PHP: $MyDouble = fn($vNum) => $vNum*2 Python: MyDouble = lambda vNum : vNum*2 R: MyDouble = \(vNum) vNum*2 Ruby: MyDouble = ->(vNum) {vNum*2} Rust: fn MyDouble (vNum:i32) -> i32{vNum*2} [note: in Rust, a function/anonymous function definition does not require a trailing semicolon] Scala: var MyDouble = (vNum:Int) => vNum*2 Swift: var MyDouble: (_ vNum: Int) -> Int = {vNum in vNum*2} UFL: (MakeFuncMapDemoDoubleStr) [e.g. concatenate a string to itself][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyDoubleStr := vText => vText vText C++: auto MyDoubleStr = [](std::string vText) {return vText+vText;} C#: Func<string,string> MyDoubleStr = vText => vText + vText Crystal: MyDoubleStr = ->(vText: String) {vText + vText} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyDoubleStr := func(vText string) string { return vText + vText } Java: Function<String,String> MyDoubleStr = vText -> vText + vText [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyDoubleStr = vText => "" + vText + vText Kotlin: var MyDoubleStr = {vText:String -> vText+vText} PHP: $MyDoubleStr = fn($vText) => $vText . $vText Python: MyDoubleStr = lambda vText : vText + vText R: MyDoubleStr = \(vText) paste0(vText, vText) Ruby: MyDoubleStr = ->(vText) {vText + vText} Rust: fn MyDoubleStr (vText:String) -> String{format!("{}{}", vText, vText)} Scala: var MyDoubleStr = (vText:String) => vText + vText Swift: var MyDoubleStr: (_ vText:String) -> String = {vText in vText + vText} UFL: (MakeFuncMapDemoRept3) [e.g. create an array, repeat the value 3 times][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyRept3 := vValue => [vValue, vValue, vValue] C++: auto MyRept3 = [](int vValue) {return std::vector<int>{vValue, vValue, vValue};} C#: Func<int,int[]> MyRept3 = vValue => Enumerable.Repeat(vValue, 3).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: MyRept3 = ->(vValue: Int32) {Array.new(3, vValue)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyRept3 := func(vValue int) []int { return []int{vValue, vValue, vValue} } Java: Function<Integer,int[]> MyRept3 = vValue -> Collections.nCopies(3, vValue).stream().mapToInt(v->v).toArray() JavaScript: MyRept3 = vValue => Array(3).fill(vValue) Kotlin: var MyRept3 = {vValue:Int -> Array(3){vValue}} [also: var MyRept3 = {vValue:Int -> List(3){vValue}}] PHP: $MyRept3 = fn($vValue) => array_fill(0, 3, $vValue) Python: MyRept3 = lambda vValue : [vValue] * 3 R: MyRept3 = \(vValue) rep(vValue, 3) Ruby: MyRept3 = ->(vValue) {Array.new(3, vValue)} Rust: fn MyRept3 (vValue:i32) -> Vec<i32>{vec![vValue; 3]} Scala: var MyRept3 = (vValue:Int) => Array.fill(3)(vValue) Swift: var MyRept3: (_ vValue: Int) -> [Int] = {vValue in Array(repeating:vValue, count:3)} UFL: (MakeFuncMapWithIndexDemoNumConcat) [e.g. 'concatenate' key/value][input key/value, output new value][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyNumConcat := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1*1000 + vNum2 C++: auto MyNumConcat = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1*1000 + vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,int> MyNumConcat = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [also: modified version: value/key param order, for use with Select: Func<int,int,int> MyNumConcatMod = (vValue, vKey) => vKey*1000 + vValue] Crystal: MyNumConcat = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1*1000 + vNum2} [also: modified version: tuple (value/key param order), for use with map: MyNumConcatMod = ->(oTupleVK: {Int32,Int32}) {oTupleVK[1]*1000 + oTupleVK[0]}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyNumConcat := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) int { return vNum1*1000 + vNum2 } Java: BinaryOperator<Integer> MyNumConcat = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyNumConcat = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [also: modified version: value/key param order, for use with map: MyNumConcatMod = (vValue, vKey) => vKey*1000 + vValue] Kotlin: var MyNumConcat = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1*1000 + vNum2} PHP: $MyNumConcat = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1*1000 + $vNum2 Python: MyNumConcat = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1*1000 + vNum2 R: MyNumConcat = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1*1000 + vNum2 Ruby: MyNumConcat = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1*1000 + vNum2} [also: modified version: value/key param order, for use with map: MyNumConcatMod = ->(vValue,vKey) {vKey*1000 + vValue}] Rust: fn MyNumConcat (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> i32{vNum1*1000 + vNum2} Scala: var MyNumConcat = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [also: modified version: tuple (value/key param order), for use with map: var MyNumConcatMod = (oTupleVK:(Int,Int)) => oTupleVK._2*1000 + oTupleVK._1] Swift: var MyNumConcat: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Int = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1*1000 + vNum2} UFL: (Array.MapDemoBlock) [map values using function object within a block] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::transform(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), [&MyDouble](int v) {return MyDouble(v);}) [also: std::transform(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oArrayNew, [&MyDouble](int v) {return MyDouble(v);})] [note: can replace '[&MyDouble]' with '[MyDouble]'] [requires (std::transform): #include <algorithm>] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(v=>MyDouble(v)).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map{|v| MyDouble.call(v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().mapToInt(v->MyDouble.apply(v)).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>MyDouble(v)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map{MyDouble(it)}.toTypedArray() [also: oArray.map{v->MyDouble(v)}.toTypedArray()] PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($v)=>$MyDouble($v), $oArray) Python: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:MyDouble(v), oList)) R: oVecNew = mapply(\(v) MyDouble(v), oVec) [also: oVecNew = unlist(Map(\(v) MyDouble(v), oVec))] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map{|v| MyDouble.call(v)} Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| MyDouble(*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(v=>MyDouble(v)) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map{MyDouble($0)} UFL: (Array.MapDemoObject) [map values using function object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::transform(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), MyDouble) [also: std::transform(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray), oArrayNew, MyDouble)] [requires (std::transform): #include <algorithm>] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(MyDouble).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&MyDouble) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().mapToInt(MyDouble).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(MyDouble) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.map(MyDouble).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map($MyDouble, $oArray) Python: oListNew = list(map(MyDouble, oList)) R: oVecNew = mapply(MyDouble, oVec) [also: oVecNew = unlist(Map(MyDouble, oVec))] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map(&MyDouble) Rust: ___ [can use: oVecNew = oArray.iter().map(|v| MyDouble(*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>()] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.map(MyDouble) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.map(MyDouble) UFL: (Array.MapWithIndexDemoBlock) [map keys/values using function object within a block] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) oVecNew.push_back(MyNumConcat(i, oVec[i]))] [also: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = MyNumConcat(i, oArray[i])] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select((v,k)=>MyNumConcat(k,v)).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.map{|v,k| MyNumConcat.call(k,v)}.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: int[] oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().mapToInt(i->MyNumConcat.apply(i,oArray[i])).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map((v,k)=>MyNumConcat(k,v)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.mapIndexed{k,v->MyNumConcat(k,v)}.toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map(fn($k,$v)=>$MyNumConcat($k,$v), array_keys($oArray), $oArray) Python: oListNew = list(map(lambda k,v:MyNumConcat(k,v), range(len(oList)), oList)) [also: oListNew = list(map(lambda e:MyNumConcat(e[0],e[1]), enumerate(oList)))] [also: oListNew = [MyNumConcat(k,v) for k,v in enumerate(oList)]] R: oVecNew = mapply(\(e) MyNumConcat(unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries) [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map.with_index{|v,k| MyNumConcat.call(k,v)} [also: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.map{|v,k| MyNumConcat.call(k,v)}] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().enumerate().map(|(k,v)| MyNumConcat(k as i32,*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.zipWithIndex.map(e=>MyNumConcat(e._2,e._1)) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.enumerated().map{MyNumConcat($0,$1)} UFL: (Array.MapWithIndexDemoObject) [map keys/values using function object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) oVecNew.push_back(MyNumConcat(i, oVec[i]))] [also: for (int i=0; i<sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0]); i++) oArrayNew[i] = MyNumConcat(i, oArray[i])] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Select(MyNumConcatMod).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.map(&MyNumConcatMod).to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: int[] oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().mapToInt(i->MyNumConcat.apply(i,oArray[i])).toArray()] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.map(MyNumConcatMod) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.mapIndexed(MyNumConcat).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_map($MyNumConcat, array_keys($oArray), $oArray) Python: oListNew = list(map(MyNumConcat, range(len(oList)), oList)) R: ___ [can use: oVecNew = mapply(\(e) MyNumConcat(unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries)] [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.map.with_index(&MyNumConcatMod) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.map(&MyNumConcatMod)] Rust: ___ [can use: oVecNew = oArray.iter().enumerate().map(|(k,v)| MyNumConcat(k as i32,*v)).collect::<Vec<_>>()] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.zipWithIndex.map(MyNumConcatMod) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.enumerated().map(MyNumConcat) Section: Array.Reduce Examples UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoAdd) [e.g. add, useful for sum][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyAdd := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 + vNum2 C++: auto MyAdd = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1+vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,int> MyAdd = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 + vNum2 Crystal: MyAdd = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1+vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyAdd := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) int { return vNum1 + vNum2 } Java: BinaryOperator<Integer> MyAdd = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 + vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyAdd = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 + vNum2 Kotlin: var MyAdd = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1+vNum2} PHP: $MyAdd = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 + $vNum2 Python: MyAdd = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 + vNum2 R: MyAdd = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1+vNum2 Ruby: MyAdd = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1+vNum2} Rust: fn MyAdd (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> i32{vNum1+vNum2} Scala: var MyAdd = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1 + vNum2 Swift: var MyAdd: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Int = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1+vNum2} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoSub) [e.g. subtract][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MySub := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 - vNum2 C++: auto MySub = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1-vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,int> MySub = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 - vNum2 Crystal: MySub = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1-vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MySub := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) int { return vNum1 - vNum2 } Java: BinaryOperator<Integer> MySub = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 - vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MySub = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 - vNum2 Kotlin: var MySub = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1-vNum2} PHP: $MySub = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 - $vNum2 Python: MySub = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 - vNum2 R: MySub = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1-vNum2 Ruby: MySub = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1-vNum2} Rust: fn MySub (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> i32{vNum1-vNum2} Scala: var MySub = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1 - vNum2 Swift: var MySub: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Int = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1-vNum2} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoMul) [e.g. multiply, useful for product][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyMul := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 * vNum2 C++: auto MyMul = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1*vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,int> MyMul = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 * vNum2 Crystal: MyMul = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1*vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyMul := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) int { return vNum1 * vNum2 } Java: BinaryOperator<Integer> MyMul = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 * vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyMul = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 * vNum2 Kotlin: var MyMul = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1*vNum2} PHP: $MyMul = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 * $vNum2 Python: MyMul = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 * vNum2 R: MyMul = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1*vNum2 Ruby: MyMul = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1*vNum2} Rust: fn MyMul (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> i32{vNum1*vNum2} Scala: var MyMul = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1 * vNum2 Swift: var MyMul: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Int = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1*vNum2} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoDivI) [e.g. true division (ints to double)][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyDivI := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / vNum2 C++: auto MyDivI = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1/(double)vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,double> MyDivI = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / (double)vNum2 Crystal: MyDivI = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1/vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyDivI := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) float64 { return float64(vNum1) / float64(vNum2) } Java: BiFunction<Integer,Integer,Double> MyDivI = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 / (double)vNum2 [also: ToDoubleBiFunction<Integer,Integer> MyDivIX = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 / (double)vNum2] [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyDivI = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / vNum2 Kotlin: var MyDivI = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1/vNum2.toDouble()} PHP: $MyDivI = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 / $vNum2 Python: MyDivI = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 / vNum2 R: MyDivI = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1/vNum2 Ruby: MyDivI = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1/vNum2.to_f} Rust: fn MyDivI (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> f64{vNum1 as f64/vNum2 as f64} Scala: var MyDivI = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1 / vNum2.toDouble Swift: var MyDivI: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Double = {vNum1,vNum2 in Double(vNum1)/Double(vNum2)} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoDivF) [e.g. true division (doubles to double)][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyDivF := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / vNum2 C++: auto MyDivF = [](double vNum1, double vNum2) {return vNum1/vNum2;} C#: Func<double,double,double> MyDivF = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / vNum2 Crystal: MyDivF = ->(vNum1: Float64,vNum2: Float64) {vNum1/vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyDivF := func(vNum1, vNum2 float64) float64 { return vNum1 / vNum2 } Java: BinaryOperator<Double> MyDivF = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 / vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyDivF = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 / vNum2 Kotlin: var MyDivF = {vNum1:Double, vNum2:Double -> vNum1/vNum2} PHP: $MyDivF = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 / $vNum2 Python: MyDivF = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 / vNum2 R: MyDivF = \(vNum1,vNum2) vNum1/vNum2 Ruby: MyDivF = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1/vNum2.to_f} Rust: fn MyDivF (vNum1:f64, vNum2:f64) -> f64{vNum1/vNum2} Scala: var MyDivF = (vNum1:Double, vNum2:Double) => vNum1 / vNum2 Swift: var MyDivF: (_ vNum1:Double, _ vNum2:Double) -> Double = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1/vNum2} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoConcat) [e.g. concat 2 strings][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyConcat := (vText1, vText2) => vText1 vText2 C++: auto MyConcat = [](std::string vText1, std::string vText2) {return vText1+vText2;} C#: Func<string,string,string> MyConcat = (vText1, vText2) => vText1 + vText2 Crystal: MyConcat = ->(vText1: String,vText2: String) {vText1 + vText2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyConcat := func(vText1 string, vText2 string) string { return vText1 + vText2 } Java: BiFunction<String,String,String> MyConcat = (vText1, vText2) -> vText1 + vText2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyConcat = (vText1, vText2) => "" + vText1 + vText2 Kotlin: var MyConcat = {vText1:String, vText2:String -> vText1+vText2} PHP: $MyConcat = fn($vText1, $vText2) => $vText1 . $vText2 Python: MyConcat = lambda vText1, vText2 : vText1 + vText2 R: MyConcat = \(vText1,vText2) paste0(vText1, vText2) Ruby: MyConcat = ->(vText1,vText2) {vText1 + vText2} Rust: fn MyConcat (vText1:String, vText2:String) -> String{format!("{}{}", vText1, vText2)} [e.g. vRet = oArray.iter().fold("".to_string(), |a,v| MyConcat(a,v.to_string()))] Scala: var MyConcat = (vText1:String, vText2:String) => vText1 + vText2 Swift: var MyConcat: (_ vText1:String, _ vText2:String) -> String = {vText1,vText2 in vText1 + vText2} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoConcatStrInt) [e.g. concat string and int][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyConcatStrInt := (vText, vNum) => vText vNum C++: auto MyConcatStrInt = [](std::string vText, int vNum) {return vText+std::to_string(vNum);} C#: Func<string,int,string> MyConcatStrInt = (vText, vNum) => vText + vNum Crystal: MyConcatStrInt = ->(vText: String,vNum: Int32) {vText + vNum.to_s} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyConcatStrInt := func(vText string, vNum int) string { return vText + strconv.Itoa(vNum) } Java: BiFunction<String,Integer,String> MyConcatStrInt = (vText, vNum) -> vText + vNum [requires: import java.util.function.*] [e.g. (note: combiner param used since multiple types used): vRet = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce("", MyConcatStrInt, String::concat)] JavaScript: MyConcatStrInt = (vText, vNum) => "" + vText + vNum Kotlin: var MyConcatStrInt = {vText:String, vNum:Int -> vText+vNum} PHP: $MyConcatStrInt = fn($vText, $vNum) => $vText . $vNum Python: MyConcatStrInt = lambda vText, vNum : vText + str(vNum) R: MyConcatStrInt = \(vText,vNum) paste0(vText, vNum) Ruby: MyConcatStrInt = ->(vText,vNum) {vText + vNum.to_s} Rust: fn MyConcatStrInt (vText:String, vNum:i32) -> String{format!("{}{}", vText, vNum)} [e.g. vRet = oArray.iter().fold("".to_string(), |a,v| MyConcatStrInt(a,*v))] Scala: var MyConcatStrInt = (vText:String, vNum:Int) => vText + vNum Swift: var MyConcatStrInt: (_ vText:String, _ vNum:Int) -> String = {vText,vNum in vText + String(vNum)} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceDemoAddNumLen) [e.g. take int append string length][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyAddNumLen := (vNum, vText) => vNum + StrLen(vText) C++: auto MyAddNumLen = [](int vNum, std::string vText) {return vNum+vText.length();} C#: Func<int,string,int> MyAddNumLen = (vNum, vText) => vNum + vText.Length Crystal: MyAddNumLen = ->(vNum: Int32,vText: String) {vNum + vText.size} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyAddNumLen := func(vNum int, vText string) int { return vNum + len(vText) } Java: BiFunction<Integer,String,Integer> MyAddNumLen = (vNum, vText) -> vNum + vText.length() [requires: import java.util.function.*] [e.g. (note: combiner param used since multiple types used): vRet = Arrays.stream(oArray).reduce(0, MyAddNumLen, Integer::sum)] JavaScript: MyAddNumLen = (vNum, vText) => vNum + vText.length Kotlin: var MyAddNumLen = {vNum:Int, vText:String -> vNum+vText.length} PHP: $MyAddNumLen = fn($vNum, $vText) => $vNum + strlen($vText) Python: MyAddNumLen = lambda vNum, vText : vNum + len(vText) R: MyAddNumLen = \(vNum,vText) vNum + nchar(vText) Ruby: MyAddNumLen = ->(vNum,vText) {vNum + vText.length} Rust: fn MyAddNumLen (vNum:i32, vText:String) -> i32{vNum+vText.len() as i32} [e.g. vRet = oArray.iter().fold(0, |a,v| MyAddNumLen(a,(*v).to_string()))] Scala: var MyAddNumLen = (vNum:Int, vText:String) => vNum + vText.length Swift: var MyAddNumLen: (_ vNum:Int, _ vText:String) -> Int = {vNum,vText in vNum+vText.count} UFL: (MakeFuncReduceWithIndexDemoAccumNumConcat) [e.g. 'concatenate' key/value, add to accumulator][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyAccumNumConcat := (vAccum, vNum1, vNum2) => vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 C++: auto MyAccumNumConcat = [](int vAccum, int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vAccum+vNum1*1000+vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,int,int> MyAccumNumConcat = (vAccum, vNum1, vNum2) => vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 Crystal: MyAccumNumConcat = ->(vAccum: Int32,vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vAccum+vNum1*1000+vNum2} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyAccumNumConcat := func(vAccum, vNum1, vNum2 int) int { return vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 } Java: MyTriFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer,Integer> MyAccumNumConcat = (vAccum, vNum1, vNum2) -> vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] [note: using a custom interface, see 'MyTriFunction' lower down] JavaScript: MyAccumNumConcat = (vAccum, vNum1, vNum2) => vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 [also: modified version: accum/value/key param order, for use with reduce: MyAccumNumConcatMod = (vAccum, vValue, vKey) => vAccum + vKey*1000 + vValue] Kotlin: var MyAccumNumConcat = {vAccum:Int, vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vAccum + vNum1*1000+vNum2} [also: modified version: key/accum/value param order, for use with foldIndexed: MyAccumNumConcatMod = {vNum1:Int, vAccum:Int, vNum2:Int -> vAccum + vNum1*1000+vNum2}] PHP: $MyAccumNumConcat = fn($vAccum, $vNum1, $vNum2) => $vAccum + $vNum1*1000 + $vNum2 Python: MyAccumNumConcat = lambda vAccum, vNum1, vNum2 : vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 R: MyAccumNumConcat = \(vAccum,vNum1,vNum2) vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 Ruby: MyAccumNumConcat = ->(vAccum,vNum1,vNum2) {vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2} Rust: fn MyAccumNumConcat (vAccum:i32, vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> i32{vAccum+vNum1*1000+vNum2} Scala: var MyAccumNumConcat = (vAccum:Int, vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vAccum + vNum1*1000 + vNum2 Swift: var MyAccumNumConcat: (_ vAccum:Int, _ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Int = {vAccum,vNum1,vNum2 in vAccum+vNum1*1000+vNum2} UFL: (Array.ReduceDemoBlock) [reduce values using function object within a block] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: vSum = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), 0, [MyAdd](int a,int v){return MyAdd(a,v);}) [requires: #include <numeric>] C#: vSum = oArray.Aggregate((a,v)=>MyAdd(a,v)) [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vSum = oArray.reduce{|a,v| MyAdd.call(a,v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vSum = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce((a,v)->MyAdd.apply(a,v)).orElseThrow() JavaScript: vSum = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>MyAdd(a,v)) Kotlin: vSum = oArray.reduce{a,v->MyAdd(a,v)} PHP: $vSum = array_reduce($oArray, fn($a,$v)=>$MyAdd($a,$v)) Python: vSum = reduce(lambda a,v:MyAdd(a,v), oList) [requires: from functools import reduce] R: vRet = Reduce(\(a,v) MyAdd(a,v), oVec) Ruby: vSum = oArray.reduce{|a,v| MyAdd.call(a,v)} Rust: vSum = oArray.iter().fold(0, |a,v| MyAdd(a,*v)) Scala: vSum = oArray.reduce((a,v)=>MyAdd(a,v)) Swift: vSum = oArray.reduce(0){MyAdd($0,$1)} UFL: (Array.ReduceDemoObject) [reduce values using function object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: vSum = std::accumulate(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), 0, MyAdd) [requires: #include <numeric>] C#: vSum = oArray.Aggregate(MyAdd) [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: vSum = oArray.reduce(&MyAdd) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: vSum = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().reduce(MyAdd).orElseThrow() JavaScript: vSum = oArray.reduce(MyAdd) Kotlin: vSum = oArray.reduce(MyAdd) PHP: $vSum = array_reduce($oArray, $MyAdd, 0) [note: code for product, (WARNING: this would return 1 for an empty array): $vProduct = array_reduce($oArray, $MyMul, 1)] Python: vSum = reduce(MyAdd, oList) [requires: from functools import reduce] R: vRet = Reduce(MyAdd, oVec) Ruby: vSum = oArray.reduce(&MyAdd) Rust: ___ [can use: vSum = oArray.iter().fold(0, |a,v| MyAdd(a,*v))] Scala: vSum = oArray.reduce(MyAdd) Swift: vSum = oArray.reduce(0, MyAdd) UFL: (Array.ReduceWithIndexDemoBlock) [reduce keys/values using function object within a block] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum, i, oVec[i])] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] C#: vConcatSum = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new Tuple<int,int>(k,v)).Aggregate(0,(a,e)=>MyAccumNumConcat(a,e.Item1,e.Item2)) Crystal: vConcatSum = oArray.each_with_index.reduce(0){|a,(v,k)| MyAccumNumConcat.call(a,k,v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat.apply(vConcatSum, i, oArray[i])] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] JavaScript: vConcatSum = oArray.reduce((a,v,k)=>MyAccumNumConcat(a,k,v), 0) Kotlin: vConcatSum = oArray.foldIndexed(0){k,a,v->MyAccumNumConcat(a,k,v)} PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $k=>$v) $vConcatSum = $MyAccumNumConcat($vConcatSum, $k, $v)] [beforehand: $vConcatSum = 0] Python: ___ [can use: for k,v in enumerate(oList): vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum,k,v)] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] R: vRet = Reduce(\(a,e) MyAccumNumConcat(a,unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries, 0) [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: vConcatSum = oArray.each_with_index.reduce(0){|a,(v,k)| MyAccumNumConcat.call(a,k,v)} Rust: vConcatSum = oArray.into_iter().enumerate().fold(0, |a,(k,v)| MyAccumNumConcat(a, k as i32, v)) Scala: vConcatSum = oArray.zipWithIndex.foldLeft(0)((a,e)=>MyAccumNumConcat(a, e._2, e._1)) Swift: ___ [can use: for (k,v) in oArray.enumerated() {vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum,k,v)}] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] UFL: (Array.ReduceWithIndexDemoObject) [reduce keys/values using function object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum, i, oVec[i])] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] C#: ___ [can use: vConcatSum = oArray.Select((v,k)=>new Tuple<int,int>(k,v)).Aggregate(0,(a,e)=>MyAccumNumConcat(a,e.Item1,e.Item2))] Crystal: ___ [can use: vConcatSum = oArray.each_with_index.reduce(0){|a,(v,k)| MyAccumNumConcat.call(a,k,v)}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oArray.length; i++) vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat.apply(vConcatSum, i, oArray[i])] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] JavaScript: vConcatSum = oArray.reduce(MyAccumNumConcatMod, 0) Kotlin: vConcatSum = oArray.foldIndexed(0, MyAccumNumConcatMod) PHP: ___ [can use: foreach ($oArray as $k=>$v) $vConcatSum = $MyAccumNumConcat($vConcatSum, $k, $v)] [beforehand: $vConcatSum = 0] Python: ___ [can use: for k,v in enumerate(oList): vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum,k,v)] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] R: ___ [can use: vRet = Reduce(\(a,e) MyAccumNumConcat(a,unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries, 0)] [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: ___ [can use: vConcatSum = oArray.each_with_index.reduce(0){|a,(v,k)| MyAccumNumConcat.call(a,k,v)}] Rust: ___ [can use: vConcatSum = oArray.into_iter().enumerate().fold(0, |a,(k,v)| MyAccumNumConcat(a, k as i32, v))] Scala: ___ [can use: vConcatSum = oArray.zipWithIndex.foldLeft(0)((a,e)=>MyAccumNumConcat(a, e._2, e._1))] Swift: ___ [can use: for (k,v) in oArray.enumerated() {vConcatSum = MyAccumNumConcat(vConcatSum,k,v)}] [beforehand: vConcatSum = 0] Section: Array.Filter Examples UFL: (MakeFuncFilterDemoIsDivisibleBy3) [e.g. is divisible by 3][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyIsDivisibleBy3 := vNum => (Mod(vNum,3) == 0) C++: auto MyIsDivisibleBy3 = [](int vNum) {return vNum%3 == 0;} C#: Func<int,Boolean> MyIsDivisibleBy3 = vNum => (vNum%3 == 0) [also: Predicate<int> MyIsDivisibleBy3 = vNum => (vNum%3 == 0)] Crystal: MyIsDivisibleBy3 = ->(vNum: Int32) {vNum%3 == 0} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyIsDivisibleBy3 := func(vNum int) bool { return vNum%3 == 0 } Java: Predicate<Integer> MyIsDivisibleBy3 = vNum -> (vNum%3 == 0) [also: IntPredicate MyIsDivisibleBy3 = vNum -> (vNum%3 == 0)] JavaScript: MyIsDivisibleBy3 = vNum => (vNum%3 == 0) Kotlin: var MyIsDivisibleBy3 = {vNum: Int -> (vNum%3 == 0)} PHP: $MyIsDivisibleBy3 = fn($vNum) => ($vNum%3 == 0) Python: MyIsDivisibleBy3 = lambda vNum : (vNum%3 == 0) R: MyIsDivisibleBy3 = \(vNum) (vNum%%3 == 0) Ruby: MyIsDivisibleBy3 = ->(vNum) {vNum%3 == 0} Rust: fn MyIsDivisibleBy3 (vNum:i32) -> bool{vNum%3 == 0} Scala: var MyIsDivisibleBy3 = (vNum:Int) => (vNum%3 == 0) Swift: var MyIsDivisibleBy3: (_ vNum: Int) -> Bool = {vNum in vNum%3 == 0} UFL: (MakeFuncFilterWithIndexDemoAreEqual) [e.g. does key equal value][example arrow function (anonymous function) (lambda function) (closure)] AutoHotkey: MyAreEqual := (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 == vNum2 C++: auto MyAreEqual = [](int vNum1, int vNum2) {return vNum1==vNum2;} C#: Func<int,int,Boolean> MyAreEqual = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 == vNum2 Crystal: MyAreEqual = ->(vNum1: Int32,vNum2: Int32) {vNum1 == vNum2} [also: modified version: tuple (value/key param order), for use with select: MyAreEqualMod = ->(oTuple: {Int32,Int32}) {oTuple[0] == oTuple[1]}] Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: MyAreEqual := func(vNum1, vNum2 int) bool { return vNum1 == vNum2 } Java: BiPredicate<Integer,Integer> MyAreEqual = (vNum1, vNum2) -> vNum1 == vNum2 [requires: import java.util.function.*] JavaScript: MyAreEqual = (vNum1, vNum2) => vNum1 == vNum2 Kotlin: var MyAreEqual = {vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int -> vNum1==vNum2} PHP: $MyAreEqual = fn($vNum1, $vNum2) => $vNum1 == $vNum2 Python: MyAreEqual = lambda vNum1, vNum2 : vNum1 == vNum2 R: MyAreEqual = \(vNum1,vNum2) (vNum1 == vNum2) Ruby: MyAreEqual = ->(vNum1,vNum2) {vNum1 == vNum2} Rust: fn MyAreEqual (vNum1:i32, vNum2:i32) -> bool{vNum1 == vNum2} Scala: var MyAreEqual = (vNum1:Int, vNum2:Int) => vNum1 == vNum2 [also: modified version: tuple (value/key param order), for use with select: var MyAreEqualMod = MyAreEqual.tupled][also: var MyAreEqualMod = (oTuple:(Int,Int)) => oTuple._1 == oTuple._2] Swift: var MyAreEqual: (_ vNum1:Int, _ vNum2:Int) -> Bool = {vNum1,vNum2 in vNum1==vNum2} UFL: (Array.FilterDemoBlock) [filter values using function object within a block] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::copy_if(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), [MyIsDivisibleBy3](int v){return MyIsDivisibleBy3(v);}) [beforehand: std::vector<int> oVecNew] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where(v=>MyIsDivisibleBy3(v)).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.select{|v| MyIsDivisibleBy3.call(v)} Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().filter(v->MyIsDivisibleBy3.test(v)).mapToInt(v->v).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(v=>MyIsDivisibleBy3(v)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filter{v->MyIsDivisibleBy3(v)}.toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, fn($v)=>$MyIsDivisibleBy3($v))) Python: oListNew = list(filter(lambda v:MyIsDivisibleBy3(v), oList)) R: oVecNew = Filter(\(v) MyIsDivisibleBy3(v), oVec) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select{|v| MyIsDivisibleBy3.call(v)} Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().filter(|v| MyIsDivisibleBy3(**v)).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(v=>MyIsDivisibleBy3(v)) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.filter{MyIsDivisibleBy3($0)} UFL: (Array.FilterDemoObject) [filter values using function object][note: array to subarray (containing values but not indexes) based on a function (that receives values and indexes)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: std::copy_if(oVec.begin(), oVec.end(), std::back_inserter(oVecNew), MyIsDivisibleBy3) [beforehand: std::vector<int> oVecNew] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where(MyIsDivisibleBy3).ToArray() [requires: using System.Linq] Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.select(&MyIsDivisibleBy3) Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3).mapToInt(v->v).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, $MyIsDivisibleBy3)) Python: oListNew = list(filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3, oList)) R: oVecNew = Filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3, oVec) Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select(&MyIsDivisibleBy3) Rust: ___ [can use: oVecNew = oArray.iter().filter(|v| MyIsDivisibleBy3(**v)).collect::<Vec<_>>()] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(MyIsDivisibleBy3) UFL: (Array.FilterWithIndexDemoBlock) [filter keys/values using function object within a block][note: array to subarray (containing values but not indexes) based on a function (that receives values and indexes)] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) if (MyAreEqual(i, oVec[i])) oVecNew.push_back(oVec[i])] [beforehand: std::vector<int> oVecNew] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where((v,k)=>MyAreEqual(k,v)).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select{|v,k| MyAreEqual.call(k,v)}.map{|vk|vk[0]}.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().filter(i->MyAreEqual.test(i,oArray[i])).mapToInt(i->oArray[i]).toArray() JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter((v,k)=>MyAreEqual(k,v)) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filterIndexed{k,v->MyAreEqual(k,v)}.toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, fn($v,$k)=>$MyAreEqual($k,$v), ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH)) Python: oListNew = list(map(lambda v:v[1], filter(lambda v:MyAreEqual(v[0],v[1]), enumerate(oList)))) [also: oListNew = [v for k,v in enumerate(oList) if MyAreEqual(k,v)]] R: oVecNew = mapply(\(e) e[2], Filter(\(e) MyAreEqual(unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries)) [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select.with_index{|v,k| MyAreEqual.call(k,v)} [also: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select{|v,k| MyAreEqual.call(k,v)}.map{|vk|vk[0]}] [also: oArrayNew = oArray.filter_map.with_index{|v,k| v if MyAreEqual.call(k,v)}] Rust: oVecNew = oArray.iter().enumerate().filter(|(k,v)| MyAreEqual(*k as i32,**v)).map(|(_,v)| v).collect::<Vec<_>>() Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.zipWithIndex.filter(e=>MyAreEqual(e._2,e._1)).map(_._2) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.enumerated().filter{MyAreEqual($0,$1)}.map{$1} UFL: (Array.FilterWithIndexDemoObject) [filter keys/values using function object] AutoHotkey: ___ C++: ___ [can use: for (int i=0; i<oVec.size(); i++) if (MyAreEqual(i, oVec[i])) oVecNew.push_back(oVec[i])] [beforehand: std::vector<int> oVecNew] C#: oArrayNew = oArray.Where(MyAreEqual).ToArray() Crystal: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select(&MyAreEqualMod).map{|vk|vk[0]}.to_a Excel: ___ Excel VBA: ___ Go: ___ Java: ___ [can use: oArrayNew = IntStream.range(0, oArray.length).boxed().filter(i->MyAreEqual.test(i,oArray[i])).mapToInt(i->oArray[i]).toArray()] JavaScript: oArrayNew = oArray.filter(MyAreEqual) Kotlin: oArrayNew = oArray.filterIndexed(MyAreEqual).toTypedArray() PHP: $oArrayNew = array_values(array_filter($oArray, $MyAreEqual, ARRAY_FILTER_USE_BOTH)) Python: ___ [can use: oListNew = [v for k,v in enumerate(oList) if MyAreEqual(k,v)]] R: ___ [can use: oVecNew = mapply(\(e) e[2], Filter(\(e) MyAreEqual(unlist(e)[1],unlist(e)[2]), oEntries))] [beforehand: oEntries = Map(c, 1:length(oVec), oVec)] Ruby: oArrayNew = oArray.select.with_index(&MyAreEqual) [also: oArrayNew = oArray.each_with_index.select(&MyAreEqual).map{|vk|vk[0]}] Rust: ___ [can use: oVecNew = oArray.iter().enumerate().filter(|(k,v)| MyAreEqual(*k as i32,**v)).map(|(_,v)| v).collect::<Vec<_>>()] Scala: oArrayNew = oArray.zipWithIndex.filter(MyAreEqualMod).map(_._2) Swift: oArrayNew = oArray.enumerated().filter(MyAreEqual).map{$1} Section: Import/Include Tips The main imports/includes needed for these (and other) code examples: [C++] #include <iostream> //for std::cout //classic types (std::string, std::vector, std::map): #include <string> //for std::stoi, std::to_string #include <vector> #include <map> #include <ranges> //further types (std::list, std::tuple, std::unordered_set): #include <array> #include <list> #include <sstream> //for std::stringstream #include <unordered_set> #include <tuple> //for std::apply, std::make_tuple #include <utility> //for std::pair/std::make_pair //further: #include <algorithm> //for std::all_of/std::any_of/std::none_of, std::copy_if/std::find_if/std::remove_if, std::equal, std::fill, std::for_each, std::iter_swap, std::max/std::min, std::partition, std::reverse, std::shuffle, std::sort, std::transform, std::unique #include <cassert> //for assert #include <chrono> #include <format> //for std::format #include <functional> //for std::bind #include <iostream> //for std::cout #include <numeric> //for std::accumulate, std::iota #include <random> //for std::mt19937, std::random_device #include <stdexcept> //for std::exception #include <thread> #include <type_traits> //for std::is_array, std::is_fundamental, std::is_same various: std::begin/std::end std::back_inserter std::get std::multiplies std::numeric_limits std::swap [C#] using System; using System.Linq; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Dynamic; //for ExpandoObject //further: using System.Text; //for StringBuilder [Java] import java.util.*; import java.util.stream.*; //further: import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.util.function.*; [Python] from types import SimpleNamespace from functools import reduce from itertools import groupby [Rust] #![allow(non_snake_case)] //stop nags regarding snake_case variable names [Swift] import Foundation Language-Specific Notes [general] Array indexes and string character indexes: Be aware of what happens when you go beyond bounds. Index below 0 (or below 1 if 1-indexed), possibilities: treated as min index, invalid index so throws, null returned, treated as negative offset from end. Index too large, possibilities: treated as max index, invalid index so throws, null returned. [C++] There are various functions where these 2 approaches are interchangeable: MyFunc(oArray, oArray+sizeof(oArray)/sizeof(oArray[0])) MyFunc(std::begin(oArray), std::end(oArray)) And where these 2 approaches are interchangeable: MyFunc(oVec.begin(), oVec.end()) MyFunc(std::begin(oVec), std::end(oVec)) E.g. functions: std::accumulate/std::partition/std::transform, std::copy, std::equal, std::fill, std::find, std::max_element/std::min_element, std::reverse/std::shuffle/std::sort. Further functions: std::copy_if/std::remove_if, std::iota. [Java] [int array to Integer array] int[] oArray = {1, 2, 3}; Integer[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).boxed().toArray(Integer[]::new); [Integer array to int array] Integer[] oArray = {1, 2, 3}; int[] oArrayNew = Arrays.stream(oArray).mapToInt(v->v).toArray(); Language-Specific Notes: Java Function Objects [Java function objects] When you create a function object (lambda function) (anonymous function) in Java... Unlike in almost all programming languages... You have to give the function object a special type. E.g. ToIntFunction<Integer> MyDouble = vNum -> vNum*2 E.g. see the examples for map/reduce/filter. And unlike in almost all programming languages... You can't just call the function object directly, you have to call its method. E.g. MyDouble.applyAsInt(vNum) Also, to create certain kinds of function objects, such as one that accepts 3 parameters... You may need to create a custom interface. E.g. see MyTriFunction below. To summarise Java function types and methods: Consumer objects: accept. Function/Operator objects: apply or applyAsXXX. Predicate objects: test. Supplier objects: get or getAsXXX. A list of Java function types and methods: Based on: java.util.function (Java Platform SE 8 )

T,U,v	BiConsumer<T,U>	accept
T,U,R	BiFunction<T,U,R>	apply
T,T,T	BinaryOperator<T>	apply
T,U,b	BiPredicate<T,U>	test
b	BooleanSupplier	getAsBoolean
T,v	Consumer<T>	accept
d,d,d	DoubleBinaryOperator	applyAsDouble
d,v	DoubleConsumer	accept
d,R	DoubleFunction<R>	apply
d,b	DoublePredicate	test
d	DoubleSupplier	getAsDouble
d,i	DoubleToIntFunction	applyAsInt
d,l	DoubleToLongFunction	applyAsLong
d,d	DoubleUnaryOperator	applyAsDouble
T,R	Function<T,R>	apply
i,i,i	IntBinaryOperator	applyAsInt
i,v	IntConsumer	accept
i,R	IntFunction<R>	apply
i,b	IntPredicate	test
i	IntSupplier	getAsInt
i,d	IntToDoubleFunction	applyAsDouble
i,l	IntToLongFunction	applyAsLong
i,i	IntUnaryOperator	applyAsInt
l,l,l	LongBinaryOperator	applyAsLong
l,v	LongConsumer	accept
l,R	LongFunction<R>	apply
l,b	LongPredicate	test
l	LongSupplier	getAsLong
l,d	LongToDoubleFunction	applyAsDouble
l,i	LongToIntFunction	applyAsInt
l,l	LongUnaryOperator	applyAsLong
o,d,v	ObjDoubleConsumer<T>	accept
o,i,v	ObjIntConsumer<T>	accept
o,l,v	ObjLongConsumer<T>	accept
T,b	Predicate<T>	test
T	Supplier<T>	get
T,U,d	ToDoubleBiFunction<T,U>	applyAsDouble
T,d	ToDoubleFunction<T>	applyAsDouble
T,U,i	ToIntBiFunction<T,U>	applyAsInt
T,i	ToIntFunction<T>	applyAsInt
T,U,l	ToLongBiFunction<T,U>	applyAsLong
T,l	ToLongFunction<T>	applyAsLong
T,T	UnaryOperator<T>	apply

The most general of the function types above that don't return a value:
T,v	Consumer<T>	accept
T,U,v	BiConsumer<T,U>	accept

The most general of the function types above that do return a value:
T	Supplier<T>	get
T,R	Function<T,R>	apply
T,U,R	BiFunction<T,U,R>	apply

Here's code for a custom interface, to create anonymous functions that take 3 parameters:

//place import and custom interface at the top:
import java.util.function.*;
@FunctionalInterface
interface MyTriFunction<A,B,C,R>
{
	R apply(A a, B b, C c);
}

//define and call anonymous function in the body:
MyTriFunction<Integer,Integer,Integer,Integer> MyAdd3 = (vNum1, vNum2, vNum3) -> vNum1 + vNum2 + vNum3;
System.out.println(MyAdd3.apply(1,2,3)); //6